<p>Mary Todd Lincoln House at 578 West Main Street in Lexington, Kentucky, USA, was the girlhood home of Mary Todd, the future first lady and wife of the 16th President, Abraham Lincoln.Today the fourteen-room house is a museum containing period furniture, portraits, and artifacts from the Todd and Lincoln families. Hour-long guided tours introduce visitors to the complex life of Mary Todd Lincoln, from her refined upbringing in a wealthy, slave-holding family to her reclusive years as a mourning widow.</p><br>
<p>The house was built c. 1803–1806 as an inn and tavern, which was called "The Sign of the Green Tree" before its purchased by the Todd family. The family moved into the three-story home in 1832. Mary Todd lived in this home until 1839, when she moved to Springfield, Illinois. After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln visited her family here.</p><br>
<h2>Historic status</h2><br>
<p>The Mary Todd Lincoln house has the distinction of being the first historic site restored in honor of a First Lady. Operated by the Kentucky Mansions Preservation Foundation, Inc., the house museum was opened to the public on June 9, 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>In the mid-1970s, Beula C. Nunn, wife of Governor Louie B. Nunn, along with the Kentucky Mansions Preservation Foundation, Inc., and the Metropolitan Women&#39;s Club of Lexington, gained support to preserve and restore the Mary Todd Lincoln House. In June 1996, the Beula C. Nunn Garden at the Mary Todd Lincoln House was dedicated and opened to the public. Today the enclosed gardens contain trees, plants, herbs and shrubs that represent what may have been in the gardens at the Todd home in the early nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The property is open to the public as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>Unusual history</h2><br>
<p>Belle Brezing was a working girl in a bawdy house, run by Jenny Hill, located in this building starting in 1879. Later she became a madam in her own right, with her own brothel. Brezing is widely credited as having inspired Margaret Mitchell&#39;s character of Belle Watling in her novel, Gone With The Wind (1936).</p><br>
<p>Gonnoi  is a former municipality in the Larissa regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Tempi, of which it is a municipal unit. Population 2,462 . The municipal unit has an area of 113.333 km. The municipality was created under the Kapodistrias Law in 1997 out of the former communes of Gonnoi, Kallipefki, Itea and Elaia.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Gonnoi is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Gonnoi (Gonnoi, Elaia)</p><br>
<p>Itea</p><br>
<p>Kallipefki</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ancient city of Gonnoi was situated in a hillside near the contemporary Gonnoi, now called "Kastri" (i.e. castle). The area was consecutively ruled by the Kingdom of Macedonia, the Roman, the Byzantine and the Ottoman Empires. With most of Thessaly, Gonnoi became a part of Greece in 1881.</p><br>
<p>Kajmakčalan , or Kaimaki or Kaimaktsalan or Voras , is a mountain on the border between Greece and the Republic of Macedonia. It is the southernmost and highest peak, 2,524 m, of a range known in Greek as the Voras Mountains and in Macedonian as Nidže. The frontier between the two countries runs across the summit. It is the third-highest peak in Greece after Mytikas and Smolikas and the fifth-highest in the Republic of Macedonia.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The word "Kaimaktsalan" is of Ottoman Turkish origin inspired by its white, snowy peak: kaymakçalan means kaimak beater. &#39;Kaimak" in Turkish means "Cream."</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The peak consists of granite, gneiss and mica.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During World War I, in September 1916, the Battle of Kajmakčalan between Serbian and Bulgarian troops took place at Kajmakčalan and around the adjacent peaks, resulting in a Serbian victory. There is a small church and crypt for the Serbian soldiers who died in the battle. Near the top of the mountain, on the Greek side, there is a small church named Profitis Ilias (Εκκλησία Προφήτης Ηλίας).</p><br>
<p>Evrymenes  is a former municipality in the Larissa regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Agia, of which it is a municipal unit. Population 1,939 . The municipal unit has an area of 95.284 km. The seat of the municipality was in Stomio. It was named after the ancient city Eurymenae.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Evrymenes stretches along the Aegean Sea coast, south of the mouth of the river Pineios. It lies at the foot of the densely forested Mount Ossa.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The most important ancient cities of Magnesia in the area of the municipal unit of Evrymenes were Eurymenae (near the modern town Stomio), Homolium (Homolion, near the modern village Omolio) and Rhizus (Rhizous, near the modern village Kokkino Nero).</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Evrymenes is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Karitsa (Karitsa, Kokkino Nero, Plateia Ammos)</p><br>
<p>Omolio</p><br>
<p>Palaiopyrgos (Palaiopyrgos, Alexandrini)</p><br>
<p>Stomio (Stomio, Apostolos Pavlos, Monastery of Saint Demetrius)</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Krannonas , ancient Crannon , is a village and a former municipality in the Larissa regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Kileler, of which it is a municipal unit. It is located southwest of the regional capital Larissa. In 2011 its population was 109 for the village, 177 for the community and 2,289 for the municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 205.242 km. The seat of the municipality was Agioi Anargyroi. It is located north of Farsala and NNE of Palamas and Karditsa.</p><br>
<p>The municipal unit boundaries extend as far south as the Fyllio Mountains where its highest point is 533 m, as far north as Koilada and Larissa and as far east as Nikaia. In the west it borders the Karditsa regional unit.</p><br>
<p>Crannon was the site of the decisive battle of the Lamian War between Macedon and Athens with its allies.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Krannonas is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Agioi Anargyroi (Agioi Anargyroi, Mesorrachi)</p><br>
<p>Agios Georgios</p><br>
<p>Doxaras</p><br>
<p>Krannonas (Krannonas, Kampos)</p><br>
<p>Kyparissos (Kyparissos, Agia Paraskevi)</p><br>
<p>Mavrovouni (Mavrovouni, Krya Vrysi)</p><br>
<p>Mikro Vouno</p><br>
<p>Psychiko</p><br>
<p>Vounaina (Vounaina, Ano Vounaina)</p><br>
<p>Livadi  is a town and a former municipality in the Larissa regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Elassona, of which it is a municipal unit. Before the 2011 local government reform it was an independent municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Livadi is subdivided into the following communities:</p><br>
<p>Dolichi</p><br>
<p>Livadi</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Livadi borders Pieria regional unit to the northeast, and Kozani regional unit to the northwest. Livadi is located west of Pythio and Katerini, NNW of Larissa, north of Elassona and southeast of Kozani.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Giorgakis Olympios (1772–1821), fighter in the Greek War of Independence</p><br>
<p>Makrychori  is a former municipality in the Larissa regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Tempi, of which it is a municipal unit. Population 2,553 . The municipal unit has an area of 107.767 km. The municipality was created under the Kapodistrias Law in 1997 out of the former communes of Elateia, Evangelismos, Gyrtoni and Parapotamos.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Makrychori is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Elateia</p><br>
<p>Evangelismos</p><br>
<p>Makrychori (Makrychori, Gyrtoni)</p><br>
<p>Parapotamos</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Makrychori is located next to the Thessalian Plain, situated between the river Pineios and the GR-1/E75 (Athens - Larissa - Thessaloniki). The mountains can be seen to the west and east, the southern portions of the municipality are farmlands.</p><br>
<p>Melivoia  is a town and a former municipality in the Larissa regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Agia, of which it is a municipal unit. Population 2,195 . The municipal unit has an area of 197.633 km. The seat of the municipality was in Kato Sotiritsa. Melivoia is located east of Larissa, the capital of the regional unit and Thessaly, and a few kilometers north of Agia. The municipal unit stretches along the Aegean Sea coast, at the foot of Mount Ossa. It was named after the ancient city Meliboea. The municipal unit borders on Magnesia to the southeast.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Melivoia is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Melivoia (Melivoia, Velika, Kokkino Nero, Koutsoupia, Paliouria)</p><br>
<p>Skiti (Skiti, Agiokampos, Kato Polydendri)</p><br>
<p>Sklithro (Isiomata, Rakopotamos)</p><br>
<p>Sotiritsa (Sotiritsa, Kato Sotiritsa)</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Olympos  is a former municipality in the Larissa regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Elassona, of which it is a municipal unit. Population 3,164 . The municipal unit has an area of 303.964 km. The seat of the municipality was in Kallithea. The municipality was named after the nation&#39;s highest point, Mount Olympus.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Olympos is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Flampouro (Skopia, Sparmos, Vrysopoules)</p><br>
<p>Kallithea Elassonos (Kallithea, Petroto)</p><br>
<p>Kokkinogeio</p><br>
<p>Kokkinopilos (Kokkinopilos, Kalyvia)</p><br>
<p>Lofos (Lofos, Asprochoma)</p><br>
<p>Olympiada</p><br>
<p>Pythio</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The municipality is mountainous, especially in the northeastern part, where Greece&#39;s tallest point, Mount Olympus, is situated. The village Kallithea is situated in the lower southwestern part, which is characterised by small rivers and farmlands. The Greek National Road 13 (Elassona - Katerini) passes through the municipal unit. Elassona lies south of Olympos, and the Pieria regional unit lies to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>Sarantaporo  is a village and a former municipality in the Larissa regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Elassona, of which it is a municipal unit. Population 2,455 . The municipal unit has an area of 150.902 km, and the community has an area of 26.958 km. The town is between the mountains of Kamvounia to the northwest and the Pierian Mountains to the northeast. The river Sarantaporos flows through the municipality. Sarantaporo is on the Greek National Road 3 . It is located west-southwest of Katerini, northwest of Elassona and Larissa, east of Grevena and south-southeast of Kozani.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Sarantaporo is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Azoros (Vouvala)</p><br>
<p>Gerania</p><br>
<p>Giannota</p><br>
<p>Lykoudi (Lykoudi, Sykia)</p><br>
<p>Milea</p><br>
<p>Sarantaporo</p><br>
<p>Tsapournia (Tsapournia, Farmaki)</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village was originally a Slavic settlement founded under the name Glikovo. Unlike the rest of Thessaly, Sarantaporo did not join Greece until October 1912 when the town was liberated from the Ottoman Empire after the Battle of Sarantaporo, a Greek victory in the First Balkan War. The Sarantaporo Gorge was the strategic location for the battle. Sarantaporo became a municipality in 1994; one of the first to be created under the Capodistrian Law. The area features archaeological findings dating back to the pre-Classical years up to the Ottoman rule.</p><br>
<p>Tyrnavos  is a municipality in the Larissa regional unit, of the Thessaly region of Greece. It is the second largest town of the Larissa regional unit, after Larissa. The town is near the mountains and the Thessalian Plain. The river Titarisios, a tributary of the Pineios, flows through the town. Tyrnavos is bypassed by the GR-3  and has an old road connecting the town to Elassona. It will be linked with a superhighway numbered 3  with an unscheduled opening date. Tyrnavos is located south-southwest of Thessaloniki and Katerini, northwest of Larissa, east-northeast of Trikala and south-southeast of Elassona and Kozani. Here live an important community of aromanians.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tyrnavos was built by the Slavs as a pastoral settlement with huts in the 7th or 8th century AD. In 1423 the Turkish general Turahan Bey conquered the area of Thessaly. Turahan founded Tyrnavos, gathering the local inhabitants and settling them in the new town, which he adorned with several buildings and which he granted extensive privileges. In 1770 there were 16 churches and 6 mosques in the town. Tirnavos was liberated from Ottoman rule on September 1, 1881 and by decision of the Berlin Congress, Greece annexed it. The Turkish bath is the only Muslim building to have been saved as well as some other preservable buildings of the town.</p><br>
<h2>Carnival and the "bourani"</h2><br>
<p>The city holds a famous annual carnival, which has its roots in antiquity. It is at least 100 years old. The first written records about its celebration date from 1898.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, the carnival of Tirnavos has been the target of bitter criticism and successive attacks by the governments of that time that regarded it as an offence against the moral standards of people. However, the prohibition of the carnival didn’t intimidate the inhabitants of Tirnavos that celebrated it even secretly.</p><br>
<p>After the war, disguised people are incorporated into the carnival chariots. However, the dictatorship prohibited it once more and its celebration was interrupted until 1980 when the custom was revised. In recent years, the carnival of Tirnavos is renowned as the biggest and best carnival in Central Greece. The carnival is celebrated during about a month, but the festivities culminate on the last Sunday of carnival with the big Parade of chariots, with the participation of thousands people.</p><br>
<p>The custom of “Burani” takes place on the day of (Clean Monday), the first days of Lent. This customs have made Tirnavos famous. Shrove Monday is a day of merry moral freedom or laxity of morals during which the rules of decent behavior are temporarily violated. The use of sexual and love symbols are combined with the traditional folk manifestations. Strictly speaking, the “bourani” is a folk fare but in essence, it is a phallus festival that symbolizes the reproduction and fertility.</p><br>
<p>First, the inhabitants of the town go to the country church of Prophet Elijah in a free wide area, in the north of the town. Each group spread a table with various dishes on the ground and a big flagon of wine or “ouzo” or “tsipouro” with water.</p><br>
<p>At the same time, they lit a fire on which they prepared the “Bourani”, a spinach soup. After the “Bourani” had been served to the “initiates”, people started dancing, singing, joking and teasing each other using obscene language. Everyone who passes by must stop and stir the soup with a long wooden ladle of a particular shape, take a sip of soup straight from the ladle and then drink a shot of tsipouro from a ceramic phallic-shaped tumbler. Next to the cauldron, there is rocking throne in the shape of a phallus, which attracts flocks of laughing festivalgoers.</p><br>
<p>A lot of men that participated in this ritual held phalluses as scepters in their hands. The phalluses were made of wood or clay or even of bread and constituted the most important ceremonial symbol. In the late seventies, women started taking an active part in the entire ritual especially after the creation of the “Bourani Society” in 1979.</p><br>
<p>This pagan fertility festival in honour of the god Dionysus marks the beginning of the Greek Orthodox fasting period before Easter. Due to the intense pagan roots of the festival and its irreverence, the Greek Orthodox Church does not approve of the event.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Tyrnavos was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 2 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Ampelonas</p><br>
<p>Tyrnavos</p><br>
<h3>Subdivisions</h3><br>
<p>The municipal unit of Tyrnavos is divided into the following communities (constituent settlements in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Argyropouli (Argyropouli, Ano Argyropouleio, Votanochori)</p><br>
<p>Damasi (Damasi, Damasouli)</p><br>
<p>Dendra Tyrnavou (Dendra, Agia Sofia, Platanoulia)</p><br>
<p>Tyrnavos (Tyrnavos, Kritiri, Lygaria, Perichora)</p><br>
<h2>Province</h2><br>
<p>The province of Tyrnavos (Επαρχία Τυρνάβου) was one of the provinces of the Larissa Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipality Tyrnavos and the municipal units Giannouli, Gonnoi and Kato Olympos. It was abolished in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The municipality is made up of mountains covering the northern portion as well as grasslands. Farmlands dominate the southern portion in which is part of the Thessalian Plain and the Titarisios valley. Tyrnavos is a major wine producing center.</p><br>
<p>The municipality Tyrnavos has an area of 525.323 km, the municipal unit Tyrnavos has an area of 370.564 km, and the community Tyrnavos has an area of 79.109 km.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Thanassis Papakonstantinou (1959) singer and songwriter</p><br>
<p>Ampelakia  is a former community in the Larissa regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Tempi, of which it is a municipal unit and a municipal community. Ampelakia is also regarded as the historical seat of the municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Administrative division</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit of Ampelakia comprises two separate municipal communities: Ampelakia (population 388) and Tempi (population (population 63).</p><br>
<h2>History of Ampelakia</h2><br>
<p>The traveler who will feel the need to visit the historical town of Ampelakia (named "The Jewel of Thessaly"), has to go up the well made road that starts from the Tempe Valley (the old Baba). After just 5 kilometers is Ampelakia. As we get closer to the town the mansion of George Mavros (Schwartz) stands out. There is an unsure knowledge to exactly when and who established Ampelakia because there are no clear documents that attest to this subject. The inscriptions of churches and the recollections of their liturgical elements are the most reliable records about its foundation.</p><br>
<p>The historian Elias Georgiou ("History and the Cooperative of Ambelakia", Athens 1951, p. 9) published the recollection of the Bishop of Platamon Gregorios, in the ritual which Nikos Gameos bought in 1580 and donated to the old church of Saint Paraskevi. Also, at the First Convention of Studies on Ambelakia, on the 13–15 August 1994, Kostas Spanos, the history researcher, stated that Ampelakia has existed as a settlement at least since the 14th century AD, which means that it is one of the Thessalian settlements of the last Byzantine era.</p><br>
<p>As far as concerns the name of the village, Ampelakia, some historians claim that it comes from the corruption of the word "Amfilakia" which means a village between two streams. But this is not right because the town is crossed by four streams and not two. The most possible version is that the name of the town comes from the fact that in the village and in the area around it there were a lot of vineyards ("Ambelia" in the Greek language). According to a rescued register of the vineyards in the year 1899, we know that there were 700 owners of vineyards who cultivated 1,100 acre.</p><br>
<h3>The creation of the cooperative</h3><br>
<p>Ampelakia, an originally poor village without any navigable rivers and trade routes, had no neighboring towns of industrial significance. Well, how did it manage to present such an important and wondrous achievement which, at the same time, is an epoch-making event. Of course, we mean the foundation, organization and function of the first cooperative in all the world. A cooperative, in which the interests of work wedded to the capital in a marvelous way. The cooperative spirit spread in Greece much earlier than in other European countries. It is a part of the national folk tradition, based on a deep humanitarian spirit and the fair contribution of profits between the people. The first forms of cooperative appear around the 18th century. The most important examples are those of Thrace, sponge-divers of Aegina, the Thessalian Companies of Ampelakia of Tyrnavos, Agia, Zagora, etc. as well as the maritime cooperatives of the islands of Hydra, Spetses, Psara, Symi, Santorini and the maritime towns of Messimvria, Galaxidi and Kranidi.</p><br>
<p>But the most important cooperative organization in Greece is found in Ampelakia, Thessaly. The cooperative of merchants, craftsmen, farmers and laborers of production of the red yarns of Ampelakia flourished in the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century. It is the first and most complete cooperative organization which was formed in Turkish-dominated Greece and developed like that: During the times of Homer and in the existence of the picturesque valley of Tempe there was the capital of the county of Magnetes, Meliboa, which was famous for dyeing purple (purpura Meliboea), whereas Ampelakia was famous for dyeing with the famous plant, erythrodamon (rizari), class: DICOTYLEDONES, category: RUBIALES, family: RUBIACEAE, gender: RUBIA, whose roots gave that scarlet red color, which held the virtue of not fading because of the sun and time. So, following the example of their neighbors from Meliboea, the people of Ampelakia developed the art of dyeing and spinning in a great degree. They were provided the cotton they used mainly from the valley of Tempe where it was grown systematically in large quantities. When there was insufficiency and a lot of orders, they were provided from Macedonia, Thessaly, and Asia Minor. The people of Ampelakia spun the cotton in distaff, spindle and then they dyed it scarlet red by means of rizari.</p><br>
<p>The people of Ampelakia were daring. They had visited and inhabited a lot of great European cities where they created close relationships with European merchants. This way they acquired useful information about trading and the industry of other countries where they thought to export their own scarlet red yarns. Also, with the help of merchants from Epirus they exported to Austria and Germany. Europeans got very surprised by the brightness and gloss of color that yarns had - that made them be unique - and of their fine elaboration. From the very beginning, the people of Ampelakia met with great success and secured a large disposal of their products. Thus, around 1750–1760 the first company, on a family basis, was formed. Within just a few years five companies functioned and employed about a thousand craftsmen.</p><br>
<p>These were the companies of N. Pessios Arsenis Chatziprassas, Drossinos Chatzievos, G. Papaefthymios and George Schwartz. In 1778 the leaders of the companies took the initiative and decided the union of the whole companies in one Common Company under the name of " Common Company and Brotherhood of Ampelakia". That was because there had begun a harmful competition among the companies and because the orders had continually been increasing. During the existence of this cooperative, George Mavros(Schwartz) was the only and one chairman. He was the son of a significant merchant. He was born at Ampelakia in 1738 and died in Vienna in 1818 at the age of 80.</p><br>
<p>All the people of Ampelakia, men, women and children were shareholders of that large cooperative business. The landowners share in with their fields, the fund holders with their money, the craftsmen and workers with their work. The minimum sum they could deposit (in order to have a cooperative share) was 5,000 piasters, that is 1,700 francs) whereas the maximum one was 20,000 piastres (that is 6,800 francs). This limit was decided on so that no fund holder should dominate over the cooperative. The big fund holders and anyone who held more than 20,000 piasters deposited in the common saving bank with the annual interest of 12%. In 1780 the Co-operative had 6,000 members. The Cooperative had totally 24 workshops: laundries, dyer&#39;s shops, places where they elaborated the scarlet red yarns, which were exported abroad.</p><br>
<p>When the producers gave the cotton, a special committee evaluated it and took half its value in advance, whereas the rest of it at the end of the year after balancing the annual account and adding the profit which fell to their share. Each worker had an open credit account by virtue of his/her wages. He/She could withdrawn from it a certain sum in order to maintain the family, etc. In the end of the year there has been a pay-off for them after adding the profit, which fell to their share. The general meeting of the shareholders, which was the sovereign board, decided on the modification of the articles, or, generally, on any other matter of the cooperative.</p><br>
<p>Every third year, a five-member board of directors was elected by the general meeting, as well as an auditing committee of twelve member the board of directors was responsible for the management of all the works of the co-operative, keeping all account books and the appointment of the employees abroad. They also found and organized the various agencies and branches in the interior and abroad. The auditing committee checked the whole financial management of the co-operative, which was submitted by the board of directors, as well as the annual balance and report. As a highest force, the auditing committee had great rights: in the annual general meeting they submitted a detailed report for the whole activity of the co-operative. In the end of every financial year, the general meeting distributed the profits like this:</p><br>
<p>They deducted the taxes, which the town owned to Turks. They also deducted the various expenses of the co-operative and then shared a great sum of money on behalf of the poor, the sick and the various suffering fellow-villagers, so that they can buy wheat and any other needed for their families. Then they put aside a great sum of money for the various briberies to the pashas and the high-ranked guests from Europe they had at Ampelakia, so that they gained their favor for the good of the co-operative. They also deduct the expenses of the schools, churches, construction of the roads, hospitals and whatever else the town needed. Finally, they shared the profits to the landowners, fund holders, craftsmen, workers, employees, etc. (Eastern room of second floor of mansion Solomos).</p><br>
<p>The most important trading agencies and branches of the co-operative were in Vienna (the central one), Trieste (Austria), Leipzig, Anbach, Dresden, Hamburg (Germany), London (England), Amsterdam (Netherlands), Budapest (Hungary), Odessa (Russia), Lyon and Rouen (France), Constantinople, Smyrna and Thessaloniki where there were big Greek colonies. All the agents, representatives and employees were all from Ampelakia and members of the co-operative. Many of them worked and at the same time studied at the Universities. The representatives often changed so that as many people from Ampelakia as possible could go abroad in order to learn and convey the culture to Ampelakia. In 1797 they ordered their own ship, the Calypso in order to carry their yarns to Europe.</p><br>
<p>So the abundant money, education and constant contact with Europe made Ambelakia look a modern beautiful European town and a lot of foreign travelers refer to it as a Dutch town. At the same period and because of the prosperity wonderful building - Mansions- were constructed like the ones of George Schwartz (1787–1798), his brother, Dimitrios Schwartz, Efthymiadis Solomos, Tsilikis Krassoulis, Lioulias and many others. The people of Ampelakia spoke fluently German, French, English and Italian. There was a theater and a school of the kind of a college, the famous "Ellinomousion" where since 1749 the most famous Greek scholars and men of letters taught like: Eugenious Voulgaris, K.Koumas, Greg.Konstantas, G.Triantafylloy, Sp.Assanis, Polyzonis G. Trikalinos and others. After a written promise composed at Ambelakia on the 2-2-1804 and which is in the possession of the Cultural Association of Ambelakia, the people of Ampelakia assisted financially Anthemos Gazis for the printing of the "Dictionary of the Greek Language".</p><br>
<p>The Turks may have not raided Ampelakia but the people of it contributed greatly to the Greek Revolution with a lot of sacrifices and offers of money and blood. All the emigrated merchants and representatives of Ampelakia were members of the Society of Friends (=Filiki Heteria) and afforded great sums of money for the Revolution since the co-operative enjoyed enormous prosperity. In 1810 its capitals had become excessively thousandfold, just to mention that the surplus of that year amounted to 20,000,000 francs. But, unfortunately, for Ampelakia, the Modern Greek civilization and, generally, the universally financial, common life this famous co-operative did not last long it dissolved in 1812. The causes of this decline and fall are various but the main ones are the following:</p><br>
<p>Tottering of the European economy because of the Napoleonic wars and in particular the bankruptcy of Austrian state and the failure of Austrian banks where the people of Ampelakia had deposited most of their money.</p><br>
<p>The invention of aniline dyes, which had a better, cheaper effect on dyeing unfadingly and in various colors which gained preference throughout Europe.</p><br>
<p>The envy of Ali Pasha of Ioannina, who imposed unbearable taxation on Ampelakia and, also, forbid his obedients to buy their fezzes from there &#39;he himself brought his fezzes from Tynis.</p><br>
<p>The plague that appeared in 1812 and decimated the residents of Ampelakia "members of the co-operative" who left to settle in other places.</p><br>
<p>The in-fighting among the leaders of the community which led to the final dissolution of Ampelakia&#39;s co-operative.</p><br>
<p>After the dissolution of the co-operative, some of the people who remained at Ampelakia cultivated vineyards, some others occupied themselves with cattle breeding or various temporary jobs. Despite the tragic trading decline, kindness, nobleness, culture and education remained deep in the hearts of the people of Ampelakia. Even today they are characterized by nobleness, neatness, hospitality and kindness. They also like enjoying themselves in feasts.</p><br>
<p>They keep up a lot of manners and customs, which give evidence of the culture, which flourished in the past. Actually, until today Ampelakia is one of the most notable towns in Thessaly. After the census of 2001 the Municipality of Ampelakia numbers 511 permanent residents. Its bibliography is rich and numbers about 360 editions till today.</p><br>
<p>Verdikoussa  is a village, a community and a municipal unit of the Elassona municipality. Before the 2011 local government it was an independent community.</p><br>
<h2>Administrative division</h2><br>
<p>The community of Verdikoussa consists of six settlements:</p><br>
<p>Ampelia</p><br>
<p>Koutsoufliani</p><br>
<p>Paliampela</p><br>
<p>Paliaskia</p><br>
<p>Varkos</p><br>
<p>Verdikoussa</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The population of Verdikoussa is occupied in animal husbandry, agriculture (tobacco and organic vegetables) and lumbering.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>According to the 2011 census, the population of the settlement of Verdikoussa was 1,812 people, an increase of almost 11% compared with the population of the previous census of 2001.</p><br>
<p>Karya  is a village, a community and a municipal unit of the Elassona municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform it was an independent community.</p><br>
<h2>Administrative division</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit of Karya consists of three communities:</p><br>
<p>Karya</p><br>
<p>Kryovrysi</p><br>
<p>Sykaminea</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>According to the 2011 census, the population of the settlement of Karya was 542 people, a decrease of almost 18% compared with the population of the previous census of 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and climate</h2><br>
<p>It is close to Mount Olympus, encouraging tourists&#39; visits. The area has moderate temperatures year round, though in winter snow falls over the upper elevations.</p><br>
<p>North Mountain is a mountain ridge within the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians in the USA states of Virginia and West Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>North Mountain spans 23.5 mi from the Potomac River in the north to the community of Green Spring in Frederick County, Virginia in the south. The ridge is divided into two sections; the north and south spans. The north span consists of the portion of the ridge from the Potomac to the town of Hedgesville, West Virginia, which lies 3.5 mi to the south within Skinners Gap in between the mountains two spans. The northern span is characterized by lower elevations, its highest point is 920 ft just north of Hedgesville, and numerous gaps at valley floor elevations. The southern span consists of the remaining 20 mi of ridge line and is noticeably higher in elevation, containing the mountains highest point of 1,673 ft above sea-level at its Roundtop summit near Arden in Berkeley County, West Virginia. The southern section also contains many gaps, but all are several hundred feet above the valley floor. Back Creek Valley lies to the mountain ridge&#39;s west and the Shenandoah Valley to its east. Back Creek owes its name to North Mountain, as early settlers in the eighteenth century referred to the stream as to the "back" of the ridge when approaching it from the east.</p><br>
<h2>Variant names</h2><br>
<p>According to the Geographic Names Information System, North Mountain has also widely been known as Great Ridge and Little North Mountain, when in comparison to the much larger Great North Mountain to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Summits, knobs and gaps</h2><br>
<p>Although North Mountain is a continuous mountain ridge, it is made up of a number of summits, knobs and gaps with individual names. These are listed from north to south.</p><br>
<p>Potato Hill, 787 ft</p><br>
<p>Skinners Gap, 640 feet (Hedgesville, West Virginia)</p><br>
<p>High Knob, 938 ft</p><br>
<p>Parks Gap, 1,100 feet (Dry Run Road)</p><br>
<p>Boyds Gap, 1,480 feet (Tuscarora Pike)</p><br>
<p>Roundtop, 1,673 ft</p><br>
<p>Mills Gap, 1,180 feet (Apple Harvest Drive and Gerrardstown Road)</p><br>
<p>Dutton Gap, 1,290 feet</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Garðar was the seat of the bishop in the Norse settlements in Greenland and is a Latin Catholic titular see.</p><br>
<h2>Diocese of Garðar</h2><br>
<p>In the sagas it is told that Sokki Þórisson, a wealthy farmer of the Brattahlíð area, launched the idea of a separate bishop for Greenland in the early 12th century and got the approval of the Norwegian King (? Sigurd I Magnusson the Crusader, 1103–1130). Most of the clergy would come from Norway.</p><br>
<p>The first bishop of Garðar, Arnaldur, was ordained by the Archbishop of Lund in 1124. He arrived in Greenland in 1126. In the same year he started with the construction of the cathedral dedicated to St Nicholas, patron saint of sailors.</p><br>
<p>The diocese was first assigned to the ecclesiastical province of the German Metropolitan Archbishopric of Bremen. The diocese of Garðar was subject to the Archdiocese of Lund (present-day Sweden) from 1126–1152. Bishop Arnaldur returned to Norway in 1150 and became bishop of Hamar (Norway) in 1152.</p><br>
<p>In 1152 the diocese of Greenland, as well as those of Iceland, the Isle of Man, the Orkney Islands and the Faroe Islands, became suffragans to the newly established Norwegian Metropolitan Archdiocese of Nidaros (now Trondheim). Second bishop was Jón Knútur, who served from 1153–1186.</p><br>
<p>The third bishop, Jón Árnason, nicknamed Smyril), took office in 1189. In 1202–1203 he went on a pilgrimage to Rome and met Pope Innocent III. He died in Garðar in 1209 and was buried there, most likely in the Northern Chapel of the cathedral.</p><br>
<p>The next bishop, Þór Helgi, arrived in Greenland in 1212 and was bishop until his death in 1230. * In 1234 Nikulás was ordained, but he arrived in Greenland only in 1239. He died in 1242.</p><br>
<p>Ólafur was ordained in the same year, but arrived only in 1247. He remained bishop until the mid-1280s. He was abroad from 1264 to 1280, thus hardly serving in his own diocese.</p><br>
<p>The next bishop was Þór Bokki who stayed in Garðar from 1289 until his return to Norway in 1309.</p><br>
<p>The next one to serve was bishop Árni, from 1315 to 1347. Due to the poor communication between Greenland and Norway, it was assumed that he had died and a new bishop (Jón Skalli) was ordained in 1343. When it was discovered that bishop Árni was still alive, Skalli resigned and never went to Greenland.</p><br>
<p>After the death of bishop Árni in 1347, it took a long time for the next bishop to arrive, mainly due to the worsening communications. Ivar Bardsson, a Norwegian cleric, served as principal of the diocese during the interim period. Bishop Álfur was ordained in 1368 and served as last effectively residential bishop of Garðar until 1378.</p><br>
<p>The Greenland diocese disappeared in the 15th century, when the ship departures from Norway stopped.</p><br>
<h3>List of residential Bishops</h3><br>
<h3>Ghost see</h3><br>
<p>Although the diocese had ceased to function, full bishops were nominated to the see until 1537, apparently none of which ever took possession :</p><br>
<p>Henricus (mentioned in 1386)</p><br>
<p>Bertholdus (circa 1407 )</p><br>
<p>Jacobus Treppe, Friars Minor (O.F.M.) (27 March 1411 - death 1421)</p><br>
<p>Nicolaus</p><br>
<p>Robertus Ryngman, O.F.M. (30 May 1425 - ?)</p><br>
<p>Gobelinus Volant, Canons Regular of Saint Augustine (O.E.S.A.) (circa 1 October 1431 - 19 March 1432), next bishop of Diocese of Børglum (Denmark) (1432.03.19 – ? not possessed)</p><br>
<p>Johannes Erles de Moys, O.F.M. (12 July 1432 - ?)</p><br>
<p>Bartholomeus de Sancto Hyppolito, O.P. (1433 - death 1440)</p><br>
<p>Gregorius (1440 - 1450)</p><br>
<p>Andreas</p><br>
<p>Jacobus Blaa, Dominican Order (O.P.) (16 June 1481 - ? deposed)</p><br>
<p>Mathias Canuto, Benedictine Order (O.S.B.) (9 July 1492 - ?)</p><br>
<p>Vincenz Kampe, O.F.M. (20 June 1519 - 1537).</p><br>
<h2>Titular see</h2><br>
<p>In 1996, the diocese was nominally restored as Latin titular bishopric of Gardar (Curiate Italian) / Garðar (Norsk bokmål Norwegian) / Garden(sis) (Latin adjective).</p><br>
<p>So far, it had only one incumbent, of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank :</p><br>
<p>Edward William Clark, Auxiliary bishop of Los Angeles (2001.01.16 –...)</p><br>
<h2>Remains</h2><br>
<p>Presently the settlement of Igaliku is situated on the same location. The site has been the subject of archaeological investigations since the 1830s.The cathedral has been the primary target of much of the archaeological work and was fully excavated in 1926 by Danish archaeologist Poul Nørlund (1888–1951). Nørlund made several scientific studies in Greenland starting in 1921 and ending in 1932.</p><br>
<p>Many ruins of the Norse settlements can still be seen in Igaliku today. The ruins mostly consist of the stone foundations of the walls in their original positions so that the extent of the settlement, both individual buildings and collectively, can be determined and understood. The main ruin is of the Garðar Cathedral, a cross-shaped church built of sandstone in the 12th century. The maximum length is 27 m, the width 16 m. There are also two large barns on the site with the capacity to have held up to 160 cows.</p><br>
<p>Wright Patman Lake is a reservoir in northeast Texas in the United States. The lake is a USA Army Corps of Engineers reservoir formed on the Sulphur River in Bowie and Cass counties by Wright Patman Dam. The reservoir provides flood control and water conservation for the communities downstream from the dam. The lake is also a popular recreational destination. The Bowie County side of the lake is part of the Texarkana metropolitan area.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Wright Patman Lake is located at 33&deg;16&prime;48&Prime;N latitude, 94&deg;18&prime;00&Prime;W longitude. It is located on the border between Bowie County and Cass County, Texas, and the geographic center is about 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Texarkana, Texas and 148 miles (238 km) east of Dallas. Towns in the immediate vicinity of the lake include Redwater, Maud, and Douglassville, Texas.</p><br>
<p>The lake is formed by water impounded by Wright Patman Dam. The water is mainly from the Sulphur River, but several smaller creeks also flow into the lake. The lake&#39;s conservation pool level is 220.6 feet (67.2 m) above sea level, and the spillway level is at 259.5 feet (79.1 m) above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wright Patman Lake and Dam were authorized as part of the United States&#39; Flood Contract Act of 1946. Originally known as Texarkana Reservoir, the lake was later renamed to Lake Texarkana. Construction of the dam began in 1948, and the lake was formed when water was impounded in 1953. In 1973, the lake and dam were renamed in honor of Congressman Wright Patman of Texas.</p><br>
<h2>Flood protection</h2><br>
<p>Wright Patman Lake provides flood protection for areas downstream along the Sulphur River and Red River. In the 38.9 feet (11.9 m) between its conservation pool and spillway levels, the lake can hold 2,406,000 acre.ft of flood water.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The USA Army Corps of Engineers maintains nine parks around Wright Patman Lake. These parks provide lake access for boating, swimming, and fishing; as well as camping, picnicking, hiking, equestrian trails, and other outdoor activities. Atlanta State Park is also located on the south shore of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas R. Ayer House  is a historic house located at 11885 Southeast 128th Place in Oklawaha, Florida. It is architecturally significant as the best example of the Queen Anne style in rural Marion County. It is also significant in that it is associated with Thomas Ayer, a citrus pioneer of Marion County.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The exterior finish of the house is horizontal, wooden weatherboard. The building has a variety of roof forms, most of which are gabled, with various degrees of pitch. Other types of roofs and roof features include a gable dormer, a flat roof, pent roof, and shed roofs. Both primary and secondary roof surfaces are covered by galvanized sheet metal in a V-crimp pattern. The roof is pierced by two brick, corbelled chimneys on the north and west sides of the building, and an exterior brick chimney is located on the east side of the rear addition.</p><br>
<p>At the time the house was built, the surrounding land was mostly orange groves and was sparsely populated. Although the property is named for Thomas Ayer, property records indicate the original owners of the house were actually L. J. and Lucy Parr, who bought the land from General Robert Bullock in 1885. By 1887, they had given the property and newly constructed house to Ayer.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 13, 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Ocala Union Station  is a historic site in Ocala, Florida, United States. It is located at 531 Northeast First Avenue, and was built in 1917 by both the Atlantic Coast Line and Seaboard Air Line Railroads. Prior to this, ACL and SAL had separate depots in Ocala. The former ACL station was originally built by the Florida Southern Railroad, while the former SAL station was built by the Florida Transit and Peninsular Railroad. On December 22, 1997, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The station served as a stop for Amtraks Palmetto service until 2004, using the Seaboard Air Lines former tracks, now part of the Wildwood Subdivision, a segment of the CSX S-Line. The former Atlantic Coast Line tracks are now part of Florida Northern Railroad. Currently Amtrak offers exclusive coach service from the station twice a day: one run to connect to the Silver Star (Amtrak train) in Lakeland and another run connecting to the Silver Star (Amtrak train) again in Jacksonville. There are several intermediate stops in each direction.</p><br>
<p>Ocala&#39;s SunTran bus service still uses the station to this day. The Shuttleliner limo/van service offers several trips daily to Orlando International Airport from the station. Greyhound service will be provided at the Pilot Travel Center at 4032 W. Highway 326, two blocks east of Interstate 75.</p><br>
<p>The Fair Play Men were illegal settlers  who established their own system of self-rule from 1773 to 1785 in the West Branch Susquehanna River valley of Pennsylvania in what is now the United States. Because they settled in territory claimed by Native Americans, they had no recourse to the Pennsylvania colonial government. Accordingly they established what was known as the Fair Play System, with three elected commissioners who ruled on land claims and other issues for the group. In a remarkable coincidence, the Fair Play Men made their own declaration of independence from Britain on July 4, 1776 beneath the "Tiadaghton Elm" on the banks of Pine Creek.</p><br>
<h2>The 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix</h2><br>
<p>The British colonial government purchased land from the Iroquois in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix of 1768, opening new lands in Pennsylvania and New York for settlement, including what is now Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. Lycoming County is about 100 mi (160 km) northwest of Philadelphia and about 165 mi (265 km) east-northeast of Pittsburgh.</p><br>
<p>However, some of the treaty&#39;s Line of Property (or Purchase Line) border along the West Branch Susquehanna River was disputed. Part of the western border which divided colonial and Native American lands north of the river was defined by "Tiadaghton Creek". The colonists claimed this was Pine Creek (further west, giving them more land), the Iroquois and other tribes claimed it was Lycoming Creek (further east). The colonial government recognized the tribal claim and so all land west of Lycoming Creek was considered Native American and off bounds for settlement. Despite this, illegal settlers settled in the disputed area along the West Branch Susquehanna River, the west bank of Lycoming Creek, Larrys Creek, and especially at the mouth of Pine Creek.</p><br>
<h2>The Fair Play system</h2><br>
<p>The settlers elected three commissioners each March who were responsible that everyone was dealt with fairly (hence the name "fair play"). Most of their rulings seem to have dealt with property issues, but they dealt with any legal or criminal cases in the Fair Play area. They granted permission for new settlers to enter the area, could take away a settlers land claim if they were absent more than six weeks (except for military service), and could expel a person (by setting them adrift in a canoe on the river). The commissioners decisions were final and supposedly were never challenged. In 1776 the three commissioners of the Fair Play Men were Bratton Caldwell, John Walker, and James Brandon. They are the only commissioners whose names are now known and it is conjectured that they were the only three for the duration of the Fair Play system.</p><br>
<h2>The Pine Creek Declaration of Independence</h2><br>
<p>The American Revolutionary War started in April 1775. Men from the area volunteered to serve in the Continental Army that year. Most of the settlers in the West Branch Susquehanna River valley were for the revolution. On July 4, 1776, the Fair Play Men met on the west bank of Pine Creek near the mouth of the West Branch Susquehanna River and declared their Independence from Britain. The traditional site for the declaration was beneath the "Tiadaghton Elm" tree, which stood until the 1970s in what is now Clinton County, Pennsylvania. This was west of Pine Creek in what was clearly Native American land.</p><br>
<p>Afterwards the Fair Play Men met in their own Fort Horn (near the elm tree) and chose to send two men with the news to Philadelphia, not knowing that the Second Continental Congress had declared independence there the same day. The two messengers, Patrick Gilfillen and Michael Quigley Jr., were ambushed and robbed by Native Americans and later jailed by Loyalists, but escaped and made it to Philadelphia on July 10. They returned a short time later to bring word of the United States Declaration of Independence.</p><br>
<h2>The Big Runaway</h2><br>
<p>In the American Revolutionary War, settlements throughout the Susquehanna valley were attacked by Loyalists and Native Americans allied with the British. In the early summer of 1778 news came of a group of Native American warriors, perhaps accompanied by Loyalist and British soldiers, heading for the West Branch Susquehanna River valley to destroy settlements. There were many smaller incidents of violence against settlers, but on June 10, 1778 a party of sixteen settlers were attacked in what is now Williamsport. In what became known as the "Plum Tree Massacre", twelve of the sixteen were killed and scalped, including two women and six children. The Wyoming Valley Massacre occurred on July 3, 1778 (near what is now Wilkes-Barre). This news caused the local authorities to order the evacuation of the whole West Branch valley.</p><br>
<p>At least two riders braved attacks to warn their fellow settlers. Rachel Silverthorn volunteered (when no man would) to leave the relative safety of Fort Muncy (in Muncy Township). She rode along Muncy Creek and the Wyalusing Path and warned settlers, who fled to the safety of Fort Muncy. Her own family&#39;s cabin was later burnt to the ground. Robert Covenhoven, who had served under George Washington in the Continental Army, rode west along the ridge of Bald Eagle Mountain to warn settlers at Fort Antes (opposite what is now Jersey Shore) and the western part of the valley. Covenhoven is listed as a Fair Play Man and one of the signers of the Tiadaghton Declaration of Independence.</p><br>
<p>Most settlers had already gathered at five small forts for safety, but now the forts and the settlers&#39; homes and fields were abandoned, with livestock driven along and a few possessions floated on rafts on the river east to what is now Muncy, then further south to Fort Augusta at what is now Sunbury. The abandoned property was burnt by the attackers. Some settlers reported fleeing at night with the glow of their burning settlements lighting the sky behind them. Fort Horn and the other Fair Play Men settlements were all destroyed.</p><br>
<p>Some settlers soon returned, only to flee a second time in the summer of 1779 in the "Little Runaway", when another force of Native Americans and British soldiers attacked the valley again. Also in 1779, Sullivan&#39;s Expedition destroyed at least forty Native American villages in New York and helped reduce attacks to stabilize the area and encourage resettlement.</p><br>
<h2>After the war</h2><br>
<p>The Fair Play Men and their system continued after the end of the war. In 1784, a second Treaty at Fort Stanwix ceded the Native American lands to the new government of the United States (and recognized Pine Creek as "Tiadaghton Creek"). When the land office opened in May 1785, the Fair Play men were no longer illegal settlers and their existing land claims were recognized.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>There are no original written records from the Fair Play Men or their Declaration of Independence, although many later accounts exist.</p><br>
<p>The two main theories that have been advanced to explain this are: first that any records were destroyed in the Great Runaway (only one house survived in the whole West Branch valley); or second that they kept no records to avoid incriminating themselves as they were illegal settlers. The riders to Philadelphia are supposed to have lost their copy of the Declaration of Independence when ambushed or later when jailed.</p><br>
<p>In the absence of primary written records, some modern historians have doubted whether the actual Tiadaghton Declaration of Independence took place on July 4, 1776, or whether it was made before knowledge of the United States Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia reached the Fair Play Men.</p><br>
<p>The closest borough to the "Tiadaghton Elm" site is Jersey Shore in Lycoming County, which has a week-long Town Meeting each year over the Fourth of July. The Town Meeting includes a procession of people dressed as the Fair Play Men and a Tiadaghton Elm ceremony.</p><br>
<p>Kiy Island  is an island in the Onega Bay of the White Sea, 8 km off-shore and 15 km from the town of Onega. The island stretches for 2 kilometres from north-west to south-east, but its width does not exceed 800 meters.The island includes wide and sandy beaches, piny woods rich with berries, and large rocks. It has a remarkably interesting architectural ensemble, and hosts the history of the Kiysky Krestny monastery. Thousands of tourists go and visit the island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1632 the future Patriarch Nikon attempted to escape from the Solovki to the Kozheozero Monastery in the south. As Nikon later recalled, a tempest broke out and his life was at peril. The monk began to pray to the holy cross and soon his boat was cast ashore on Ky Island, where he erected a wooden cross to thank heaven.</p><br>
<p>Twenty years later, he went from Novgorod to the Solovki in order to bring the relics of Metropolitan Philip to Moscow. On his way he visited Kiy Island and was pleased to see his wooden cross still standing. Upon becoming the Patriarch a year later, Nikon ordered a monastery to be established on the spot. The monastery was dedicated to the True Cross in 1656, whereupon 4537 peasants were declared its property.</p><br>
<p>Under Nikon&#39;s supervision, the Krestny Monastery (Russian: Кий-островский Крестный монастырь) became one of the richest in the region. The patriarch sent to the monks a huge cypress cross, commissioned by him in Palestine as "an exact replica of the True Cross" and lavishly decorated with jewels. In 1660 he visited the monastery for the last time and dwelled there for a year. It is believed that the wayward patriarch personally selected the location of and designed most buildings to suit his taste. It was for his own use that a singular choir loft was built within the cathedral. A large portion of monastery buildings, including the cathedral, were constructed from local granite, to be in harmony with the rocky setting.</p><br>
<p>After Nikon&#39;s fall from grace, the monastery declined and its possessions were expropriated. The British Royal Navy sacked the island during the Crimean War on 9 July 1854. The following year it was damaged by fire but the Holy Synod decided in favour of restoring the complex. The Communists disbanded the abbey in 1922.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The granite heights of the island are crowned by the four-pillared Cathedral of the Exaltation of the Cross, dedicated in the presence of Nikon on 4 September 1661. Its monumental proportions are deliberately archaic but the overall effect is unusually spacious and light for traditional Russian architecture. There were formerly three domes but only the central one still subsists. Other buildings from Nikons period include the chapel over the well (1661), the two-storey refectory church of the Virgins Nativity (1689), the sadly disfigured All Saints Church (1661), and various outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>Makry Gialos  is a former municipality in Lasithi, Crete, Greece, with a population 3,894 in 2011. It is located on the south-east coast of Crete. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Ierapetra, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 159.229 km&sup2;. The seat of the municipality was in Koutsouras, 22 kilometers east of Ierapetra. It was established in 1998 when the communities of Schinokapsala, Orino, Stavrochori, Chrisopigi, Aghios Stefanos, Pefki, Lithines and Pervolakia amalgamated into one municipality .</p><br>
<p>The name Makry Gialos - or, alternatively, Makry-Gialos, Makrygialos, Makriyialos, or Makrigialos - is also specifically given both to a village and tourist centre on the coast within the municipality, and to the nearby archaeological site of an ancient Minoan country house.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Makry Gialos region lies on the southeast coast of Crete island, Greece.The area faces the Libyan Sea ( part of Mediterranean Sea, which separates Crete from North Africa). The backdrop of the area is mountainous and made up primarily of granite. From the mountains there are small valleys and gorges leading down to the coast. On the higher slopes there is an abundance of Walnut, Apple, Pear and Olive trees. On the lower slopes the main industry is farming and olive trees.</p><br>
<p>Down below along the main coastal road, farming can also be found along with the greenhouses, in which most of the produce grown is tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, aubergines and bananas, which grow all year round. The sun and the rich soil give more taste to the fruit and vegetables, and the region has won the Gold Medal for the extra virgin olive oil (SITIA 0.03). The famous PDO SITIA xygalo cheese is also produced in the area of Sitia province. The morphology of the land presents beautiful landscapes, varying from place to place. Places with pine forest and wild oak trees, with granite nuggets and sharp rocks. Places with smooth hillsides with low bush land or orchards, and olive groves. The coastline that runs from Galini to Kalo Nero, is etched with rocky inlets, small coves and long sweeping stretches of sand and pebble beaches. The Bay of Makry Gialos boasts the longest shallow sandy beach of East Crete. Other beaches are Diaskari, Langada, Amoudi, Mavros Kolimbos, Galini, Koutsouras; some of them are commercial beaches and some are deserted. Between the mountains there are dried up riverbeds, which are flowing down to the sea during the winter months.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The population of the area is approximately 4,200. Before the introduction of tourism and greenhouses, the life revolved mainly up in the villages, which you find nestled in the mountains. A lot of them are not visible from the sea, for this reason they were safe from pirates. Back in the early days the main work for the villagers was farming or tending their flocks on the higher peaks. Today, life revolves around the coast. People have come down from the villages to the coast to live, as there is more work in the towns and resorts. The older generations still live up in the villages along with their history and old stories. Also foreigners who have bought old houses, using them as holiday homes are settling in the old charming villages.</p><br>
<p>The main industry today around Makrigialos is tourism, greenhouses and the harvesting of the olive trees. The Cretan dialect spoken in this region is near to ancient Greek.</p><br>
<p>The modern villages are built along the coastal road between Sitia and Ierapetra. On the boundary of the area are Achlia, Mavros Kolimbos, Koutsouras, Makry-Gialos village, Analipsi, Lagada and Kalo Nero with many apartments, studios and hotels.</p><br>
<p>There are gorges in the region. The Butterfly gorge in Koutsouras, Pefki gorge above the White River hamlet, and Pervolakia gorge which starts from the Kapsa Monastery.</p><br>
<p>The highest peak is Afendis Stavromenos 1,500 metres (4,500 feet). The only possible way to reach the top is to walk or in a jeep 4 X 4. The summit affords views of Eastern Crete, Sitia, Agios Nikolaos, Elounda, Ierapetra and the surrounding islands of Chrissi and Koufonisi, depending on the visibility. On this peak is the small windswept chapel of Jesus Cross. During the winter months the peak is covered with snow.</p><br>
<p>Other places nearby are Schinokapsala, Orino, Stavrochori, Bebonas, Chrisopigi, Lapithos, Aghios Stefanos, Pefki, Lithines, Upper and Lower Pervolakia. These feature stone built houses and narrow paved streets, along with ancient stonewashed houses. There are many small churches scattered around the hillside on the top of peaks, built in caves, and by the side of springs. These churches represent the predominant Orthodox religion.</p><br>
<p>Along the coast about 6 km from Makry Gialos, is the Kapsa Monastery, built on a sheer rock face, close to the spectacular Perivolakia Gorge which is believed to have been founded in the 15th century. In 1471 it was destroyed by pirates and abandoned. In 1841 it was renovated by Yerontoyannis a reformed robber who lived there as a hermit. He built the church and dedicated it to John the Baptist. Inside the chapel Yerontoyannis’ skull can be found. The monastery celebrates its feast day on 29 August.</p><br>
<p>The area often experiences strong winds, like most of the Greek Islands.</p><br>
<p>These winds are called "Meltemi". They are strong northern winds, blowing mostly in January and February and in July and August. During the summer these winds help to keep the temperatures down and during the winter months they give clear and sunny days.</p><br>
<p>The area has a long summer, six to seven months, but not too hot. The winter is short and mild. Rainy days are few and a long time passes between them. The temperatures almost never go as low as six degrees.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological site</h2><br>
<p>Makry Gialos features the archaeological site of an ancient Minoan country house. The site is located to the west of the village. Some of the artifacts which have been excavated can be found in the Archaeological Museum of Agios Nikolaos. The site was first excavated in 1973 and 1977 by Costas Davaras. The villa in Makriyialos was in use during Late Minoan IB, and evidence indicates that it may have been used exclusively during this period. The building has a central court on the north-south axis. The area of the court is 6m x 12.5m, which is exactly four times smaller than the courts of the Minoan palaces at Phaistos, Malia, Knossos and Zakros.</p><br>
<p>Suggestions that the building was a "cult villa," similar to those of Nirou, Amnisos, Kannia and Vathypetro have not been proven. The finds at Makriyialos site were not as rich as those at the other cult villa sites but it is believed that they nevertheless support a view that the building is a "cult villa". The building itself, which was badly damaged by crops and livestock, dates to around 500-1400 BC. The house has unique architecture and bears some resemblance to Minoan palaces seen at that time. The house contains a central small rectangular court, contributing to the building&#39;s uniqueness.</p><br>
<p>Two columns on the north side and northern east side strike similarities to Malia, where alternating pillars are found at exactly the same side. The site of Phaistos also denotes two columnar supports on the north and northern east side as well. A large altar can be found in the northern end of the court. In Zakros, we also see a similar placement of the altar. Facing the altar is the large bench which was almost certainly used in the ceremonies that took place in the court. Such benches have also been found at Malia and Phaistos.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>One can travel to Makry Gialos by plane boarding onto domestic or charter flights to Sitia airport (33km) or Heraklion airport (121km). There are also frequent ferry departures from Piraeus to Sitia and Heraklion harbours.</p><br>
<p>The Lasithi Plateau , sometimes spelt Lassithi Plateau is a high endorheic plateau, located in the Lasithi regional unit in eastern Crete, Greece. Since the 1997 Kapodistrias reform, it is a municipality whose seat is its largest village, Tzermiado. The municipality has an area of 129.976 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Lasithi Plateau stretches 11 km in the E-W direction and 6 km in the N-S direction. It is approximately 70 km east from Heraklion and lies at an average altitude of 840 m. Winters can be harsh and snow on the plain and surrounding mountains can persist until mid-spring. The plateau is famous for its white-sailed windmills, (more accurately, wind-pumps), made to a local design, that have been used for two centuries to irrigate the land. Despite their being around 10,000 in the past most of them have been abandoned nowadays in favour of modern diesel and electric pumps. Because the water table is close to the surface of the ground, all burials in cemeteries are above ground, in a stone mausoleum, or a stone box with decorations. This is because the plateau is endorheic, and there is impermeable rock just below the surface of the ground.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The fertile soil of the plateau, due to alluvial run-off from melting snow, has attracted inhabitants since Neolithic times (6000 BC). Minoans and Dorians followed and the plateau has been continuously inhabited since then, except a period that started in 1293 and lasted for over two centuries during the Venetian occupation of Crete. During that time and due to frequent rebellions and strong resistance, villages were demolished, cultivation prohibited, and natives were forced to leave and forbidden to return under a penalty of death. A Venetian manuscript of the thirteenth century describes the troublesome plateau of Lasithi as spina nel cuore (di Venezia) - a thorn in the heart of Venice.</p><br>
<p>Later, in the early 15th century, Venetian rulers allowed refugees from the Greek mainland (eastern Peloponnese) to settle in the plain and cultivate the land again. To ensure good crops, Venetians designed a large system of drainage ditches (linies, λίνιες) that were constructed between 1514 - 1560 and are still in use. The ditches transfer the water to Honos (Χώνος), a sinkhole in the west edge of the plateau, that feeds the river Aposelemis.</p><br>
<p>During the Greek War of Independence in January 1823, Hassan Pasha led an army of Ottoman and Egyptian forces sent by Muhammad Ali that seized the plateau killing most residents who had not fled to the mountains. In May 1867 during the great Cretan revolt, Ottoman and Egyptian forces under the command of Pashas Omar and Ismail Selim marched towards the Lasithi plateau. Their aim was to strike a decisive blow on the revolutionaries who used it as their hideout. After fierce fighting, the outnumbered rebels were defeated and forced to retreat to the slopes of Dikti. Between 21 and 29 of May, many village dwellers were slaughtered or taken slaves, their homes were set ablaze after being looted and livestock and crops were destroyed. The monastery of Kroustalenia that was the seat of the revolutionary committee was also demolished.</p><br>
<p>During the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941–1944, the peaks surrounding the plateau were used as hideouts by local resistance fighters.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological sites</h2><br>
<p>There are several caves of archaeological interest in the plateau and surrounding mountains. Diktaion Andron (Δικταίον Άντρον, also Diktaean / Diktaian Cave) near the village of Psychro (Ψυχρό) is reputedly the birthplace of Zeus according to Greek Mythology. Zeus is also said to have used Diktaion Andron as his hiding place after abducting Europa. The archeological site of Karfi, believed to be the last outpost of the Minoan civilization is located in the mountains immediately north of the plateau.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Permanent residents derive most of their income from agriculture and animal farming, a smaller number from tourism.</p><br>
<h2>Population genetics studies</h2><br>
<p>Because of its isolated nature, the Lasithi plateau has attracted the attention of population geneticists. A 2007 Y-DNA study showed that Y-DNA samples from the Lasithi plateau differed significantly from those of lowland Crete, and may be indicative of it having served as a refugium of the Minoan civilization. A 2013 mtDNA study of bone samples from a Minoan ossuary in the Lasithi Plateau, dated to 4,400-3,700 years ago, showed that Minoan samples were closest to samples drawn from the modern population of the plateau, as well as other Greek, western and northern European samples, while being distant from North African and Egyptian samples. According to the authors, these results are consistent with the hypothesis the plateau served as a Minoan refugium, and that the current inhabitants of the plateau carry the maternal signature of the Minoan population.</p><br>
<p>The Old State Capitol, also known as Old Statehouse, was the third capitol of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. The building is located in the Kentucky capital city of Frankfort and served as home of the Kentucky General Assembly from 1830 to 1910. The current Kentucky State Capitol was built in 1910. The Old State Capitol has served as a museum and the home of the Kentucky Historical Society since 1920. It has been restored to its American Civil War era appearance and was designated a USA National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Kentucky legislature voted for its construction in 1827. The building was designed in the Greek Revival style by Gideon Shryock, an early Lexington, Kentucky architect. The Old State Capitol was his first building and he was only twenty-five years old. Shryock chose the Greek Revival style to symbolically link Kentucky, a young republic, with ancient Greece, the prototype of popular democratic government. He wanted the front of the building to duplicate the Temple of Minerva Polias at Priene. Greek temples had no windows, therefore the front of the capitol is devoid of fenestration. Other architectural features include a self-supporting stone stairway and a domed lantern above it to bring in sunlight.</p><br>
<p>A bitterly contested 1899 state governor election came to a climax when Democratic claimant William Goebel of Covington, Kentucky was assassinated at the capitol on his way to be inaugurated. A plaque reading "William Goebel fell here, Jan. 30th, 1900" exists near the front entrance of the building.</p><br>
<p>Fan y Big , is a subsidiary summit of Waun Rydd in the Brecon Beacons National Park, in southern Powys, Wales. It is 719 m high and is often hiked as part of the Horseshoe Walk, a traverse of the four main peaks in the Brecon Beacons.</p><br>
<h2>The mountain</h2><br>
<p>At 719 m, Fan y Big lies at the western tip of the Gwaun Cerrig Llwydion plateau. Its name translates as peak of the bill - perhaps in allusion to its striking pointed shape, as seen from some directions. The summit is smooth and grassy, but marked by a cairn, which stands on the edge of its precipitous western face. The view of this face from Cribyn is regarded as very striking.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The peak is prominent on the north facing escarpment of the central part of the Brecon Beacons and several footpaths cross the summit. All the surrounding land is open access and so walkers can go where they wish. In poor weather however, the paths are the safest route for access. The peak is often crossed by hikers aiming for Cribyn, Pen y Fan and Corn Du, and also forms part of the Fan dance, or Horseshoe Walk, a circular route that traverses four peaks.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>In common with other peaks of the Brecon Beacons, the upper slopes of Fan Big are formed from sandstones of the Brownstones Formation of the Old Red Sandstone laid down during the Devonian period. The lower slopes of the hill are formed from sandstones and mudstones of the underlying Senni Beds Formation. The rock strata tilt gently southwards.The valleys to the northwest and east nurtured small glaciers during the last ice age. This glacial erosion resulted in the very steep northern face which the mountain possesses.</p><br>
<p>The National Museum of Singapore is the oldest museum in Singapore. Its history dates back to 1849, when it was started as a section of a library at Singapore Institution and called the Raffles Library and Museum. After several relocations, in 1887 it moved to its permanent site at Stamford Road in the Museum Planning Area.</p><br>
<p>The museum focuses on exhibits related to the history of Singapore. It is one of four national museums in the country, the other three being the two Asian Civilisations Museums at Empress Place Building and Old Tao Nan School, and the Singapore Art Museum. It was named the National Museum of Singapore in 1965; between 1993 and March 2006, it was known as the Singapore History Museum.</p><br>
<p>The National Museum of Singapore underwent a three-and-a-half-year restoration and reopened on 2 December 2006, with the official reopening by former President of Singapore S. R. Nathan and the Minister for Information, Communications and the Arts taking place on 7 December 2006. The Singapore History Gallery opened on 8 December of the same year.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The museum was established in 1849 by the then Singapore Institution Committee. It was called the Raffles Library and Museum and exhibited items of historical and archaeological value from Singapore and elsewhere in Asia. The museum was part of an establishment of a public repository of knowledge of Malayan in a school, museum and library. This objective can be traced to an 1823 meeting called by Sir Stamford Raffles to discuss a revival of the region&#39;s cultural heritage. The museum occupied a section of the library of the Singapore Institution, later became the Raffles Institution. In 1874, the museum moved to the Town Hall (now known as the Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall). However, due to the growing collection in the museum, it moved back to the Singapore Institution in 1876 situated at the new wing of the institution.</p><br>
<p>The Raffles Library and Museum later moved to Stamford Road in a new building that was commissioned by the colonial government in 1882. The museum was officially opened on 12 October 1887 which also marked the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. The library was referred to by the locals in Malay as Rumah Kitab (house of books) or Tempat Kitab (place of books). The museum was designed by Sir Henry McCallum but a scaled down version was used as the Colonial Office rejected the initial proposal, Major J.F. McNair co-designed the later version.</p><br>
<p>In its early years, the museum was well known for its zoological and ethnographic collections of Southeast Asia especially Malaya and British Borneo before the World War II. The museum was a centre of research and knowledge, directors and curators were by and specialists of good research accomplishments including zoologists Richard Hanitsch, John Moulton, Cecil Boden Kloss, Frederick Chasen and anthropologists HD Collings and Gibson-Hill who were also interested in ornithology, Malay history, ethnography and photography. The museum was the seat of the editorial office of the Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, it was visited by scholars who were en route to their trips to Malaya and Indonesia. The collections included a selection of northern Nias objects from the field trips of Elio Modigliani, as well as the basketwork gifted by Dr William Abbott, who collected them during the 1900s for the United States National Museum, later the Smithsonian Institution.</p><br>
<p>Extensions were carried out in 1906, 1916, 1926 and 1934 due to the inadequate space for the growing number of times ti. L and books. During the Japanese Occupation, the place was left intact by the Japanese occupying army due to the reputation of its Raffles collection and research integrity. The museum split from the library, with the latter forming the National Library adjacent to the museum building in 1960 which was demolished and relocated to Victoria Street in 2005, the former was housed in the Stamford Road building.</p><br>
<p>After Singapore&#39;s independence in 1965, the museum focused its collection to nation-building and the history of Singapore and was renamed the National Museum. Its zoological collections was moved to the biology department of the National University of Singapore and to some museums such as in Kolkata in India and Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia. This all happened in 1969. Its most iconic artefact was the skeleton of a blue whale found in Port Dickson in 1893 and was displayed from 1903 to 1969. The museum then featured exhibits on history, ethnology and arts of Singapore and the region.</p><br>
<p>Hawpar Group donated a jade collection in January 1980. Restoration works of the building were carried out in 1985 which included a repainting of the building and restoring some of the distinctive features. After restoration, the museum was gazetted as a national monument on 14 February 1992. The museum came under the management of the National Heritage Board in 1993 and was renamed the Singapore History Museum becoming the flagship of the four national museums in Singapore. The building was closed in April 2003 for extension and restoration works and the museum was temporarily relocated to Riverside Point where an exhibition known as Rivertales was displayed.</p><br>
<h3>Redevelopment works</h3><br>
<p>The National Museum building was closed for a period of three and a half years and museum operation was temporarily located at Riverside Point. The building underwent a S$132.6 million revamp with a new annexe block behind the building on the site, which was formerly the demolished Drama Centre. Its new wing is partially built on ground hollowed out from nearby Fort Canning Hill, and a 30-metre deep diaphragm wall was built to prevent subsidence. A foundation stone ceremony was held on 25 November 2004 and it was then the museum publicly announced the name change. The structural top out ceremony was on 28 November 2005 and the new building is twice as large as the old one. The temporary museum at Riverside closed its operation on 6 March 2006 and the new museum reopened on 7 December 2006.</p><br>
<p>Poor restoration works in the 1980s cost some of its architecture features to be hidden or badly damaged. The fish scaled tiles were all taken down and cleaned, all 3,000 tiles were individually numbered to allow it to be replaced in the correct sequence. Every row of tiles was shaped differently, so as to match the curves of the dome. Badly restored tiles were removed and new replaced tiles were made in the original zinc material used in the old 19th century tiles made in Manchester, England. The tiles had deteriorated badly due to the effects of acid rain. A titanium-zinc-based coating was used to protect the new tiles, to prevent further oxidation and erosion.</p><br>
<p>On the building&#39;s dome, there are stained glass panels, these panels were all taken down, inspected and cleaned. These panels had deteriorated due to its age and the effects of gravity on the lead works. Each panel had to be transported in a special mould and sent to a stained glass restorer who used 18th century reinforcement techniques to restore the lead and glass works; the process took four months to complete. Modern staircases have been installed in the building to contrast the old and new. A spiral staircase which leads to the roof of the old museum building was restored. The windows and doors were conserved and the original type and size of timber and 18th century carpentry techniques were used to restore the timber windows and doors. Some of the original timber works used huge timber sections made of kapur wood. These sections required about four months to source, supply, fumigate, treat, cut and deliver to the site.</p><br>
<p>The balustrades on the second floor of the old rotunda were patterned after those in London&#39;s Royal Albert Hall. The details of the balustrades were hidden after years of paint. The old paint was removed and a special clear coat was applied to prevent rusting of the wrought iron and to allow the details to be visible. Plaster works were carried out on the plaster motifs, cornices, balustrades, capitals and carving of the old building were either deteriorated or destroyed during the earlier renovations. Skilled artisans from India were brought in to recreate the plaster works which include restoring many of the windows, doors and cornices.</p><br>
<p>Its largest work done was the coat of arms of Queen Victoria and the entire northern facade which had been destroyed. An ornate rose timber ceiling rose in the original galleries were hidden by false ceilings constructed for air-conditioning in the 1980s. The rear of the building had few windows and replicas had to be made for windows facing Fort Canning and timber wood was imported from Indonesia. A 22-metre long and 11-metre high glass connector replaced a hard ceiling for visitors to view the museum&#39;s dome from the museum itself, whereas previously, one had to view the entire dome across Stamford Road.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The museum will have a permanent 2,800 m² gallery space at the new glass clad building within a glass rotunda known as the Singapore History Gallery. It will feature the history of Singapore from the 14th century in a story-telling approach. Images and film can be projected on its 15-metre high cylindrical walls. There will be a narration of the history and display of artistic expressions of the history.</p><br>
<p>A ramp spiral in the new building leads down to an exhibition space holding the nation&#39;s treasures which includes the Singapore Stone and 14th century gold ornaments unearthed from nearby Fort Canning Hill in 1928. There will be a 250-seat auditorium known as The Mesh for talks, lectures and workshops for the young and old at the Fort Canning entrance. It will have retail facilities as well as a café and a restaurant at the Stamford Road block of the building. Elevators and escalators have been constructed at the museum with access for the disabled. An area will feature classrooms and outreach programmes. A vehicular entrance can be accessed by Fort Canning Road at the new building. In the basement, there is a column-free 1,200 m² exhibition gallery for temporary exhibits. It has insulated walls without windows and the space is climatically controlled to protect the exhibits from light and heat or humidity changes.</p><br>
<p>A resource centre will be housed in the building which will contain old books, photographs, negatives and stamps for public viewing. It had been fitted with Wireless@SG items.</p><br>
<h2>Artifacts</h2><br>
<p>The museum used to house a vast collection of zoological items, but were transferred to the National University of Singapore (NUS) and other museums in the Commonwealth. It currently has eleven precious artefacts, namely the Singapore Stone, the Gold Ornaments of the Sacred Hill from East Java, Dagguerreotype of Singapore Town which was one of the earliest photographs of Singapore, the will of Munshi Abdullah, the portrait of Frank Athelstane Swettenham, the hearse of Tan Jiak Kim, a Peranakan coffin cover, the mace of the City of Singapore commemorating King George VIs raising of the islands status to a city in 1951, the Xin Sai Le puppet stage, William Farquhar&#39;s drawings of flora and fauna and the portrait of Shenton Thomas, who was the former governor of Singapore. Rocks from the nearby Fort Canning Hill were used to create two sculptures commissioned from Cultural Medallion-winner Han Sai Por.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>National Museum was designed in Neo-Palladian and Renaissance style and consists of two rectangular parallel blocks, with a dome at the front of the building. Its architects were Henry McCallum who designed the original version and J.F. McNair who designed the scaled down version of the building. The building has two rotundas, a new glass-clad rotunda at the rear area of the building. Its glass rotunda is a cylindrical shaped building which is made up of two drums, with the outer one made of glass which sheaths an inner one made of wire mesh. Black out curtains has the same length of the inner drum with images projected on sixteen video projectors in the day. The curtains are drawn after sunset, and projection can be beamed out through the glass to get a view of the city. Coats of arms are found on the building&#39;s front.</p><br>
<p>The redeveloped building was designed by local W Architects with the glass-clad rotunda designed inspired by Chinese American I.M. Pei. The chief design consultant was Mok Wei Wei from W Architects, who was appointed in June 2004 and modified the designs of glass rotunda and the atrium between the two buildings. The new glass clad building was designed such that the old building would still be the centrepiece of the museum. A six-metre gap exists between the back of the main museum building and its new annexe as conservation guidelines do not allow old and new buildings to be directly connected. In the gallery theatre, bricks are designed in a herringbone brick pattern, which helps to control the echoes and acoustics in the space. Initially, the designers planned to use bricks from the old National Library building, but the cost was too expensive. Black concrete flooring was used for the new block instead of grey granite flooring as initially planned.</p><br>
<p>Mantamados  is a town and a former municipality on the island of Lesbos, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lesbos, of which it is a municipal unit. It is located at the northeast corner of the island, and has a land area of 122.435 km². Its population was 2,447 at the 2011 census. The municipal seat was the town of Mantamádos . Its largest other towns are Kápi , Kleió , and Pelópi .</p><br>
<p>Mantamados is very famous for the monastery of the Archangel Michael of Mantamados, popular among the believers of Greece, on the outskirts of the village. The island is also famous for its cheese (Ladotyri) and for its farms. It was also one of the few places in Greece to have a mayor belonging to the Greek Communist Party until 2000.</p><br>
<p>Moudros  is a town and a former municipality on the island of Lemnos, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lemnos, of which it is a municipal unit. It covers the entire eastern peninsula of the island, with a land area of 185.127 km², covering 38.8% of the islands territory. The municipal seat was the town of Moúdros . Its next largest town is Kontopoúli . The municipal units total population was 3,925 in the 2011 census.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the Dardanelles Campaign of the First World War, the town and its harbour were used as an Allied base, commanded by Admiral Rosslyn Wemyss. The British Empire troops used the form: Mudros.</p><br>
<p>On 30 October 1918, it was the site of the signing of the Armistice of Mudros, which saw the end of hostilities between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies.</p><br>
<p>At Moudros there is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) cemetery for 148 Australian and 76 New Zealander soldiers who died during the Gallipoli Campaign.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Moudros is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Fisini (Fisini, Agia Sofia)</p><br>
<p>Kalliopi</p><br>
<p>Kaminia (Kaminia, Voroskopos)</p><br>
<p>Kontopouli (Kontopouli, Agios Alexandros, Agios Theodoros)</p><br>
<p>Lychna (Lychna, Anemoessa)</p><br>
<p>Moudros (Moudros, Koukonisi)</p><br>
<p>Panagia (Panagia, Kortisonas)</p><br>
<p>Plaka</p><br>
<p>Repanidi (Repanidi, Kotsinos)</p><br>
<p>Roussopouli</p><br>
<p>Romanou</p><br>
<p>Skandali</p><br>
<p>Nea Koutali  is a municipal unit on the island of Lemnos, North Aegean, Greece. Located in the south central portion of the island with a land area of 75.735 km&sup2, it accounts for about 15.9% of the islands area, making it the smallest of the four municipal units on Lemnos. The seat of government is the village of Kontias , while its next largest town is Nea Koutali with 442 people. Nea Koutalis total population as of 2011 was 2,526.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>Nea Koutali is subdivided into the following communities with their constituent villages shown in brackets:</p><br>
<p>Angariones</p><br>
<p>Kallithea</p><br>
<p>Kontias</p><br>
<p>Livadochori (Livadochori, Poliochni)</p><br>
<p>Nea Koutali</p><br>
<p>Pedino (Neo Pedino, Palaio Pedino, Vounaria)</p><br>
<p>Portianou</p><br>
<p>Tsimandria</p><br>
<p>The municipal unit also includes the island of Vounaria and the uninhabited islands of Alogonisi, which form part of Pedino, as well as the islands of Kastria and Kompi (both part of Tsimandria).</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village was built in the area of Agia Marina in 1926 by refugees from the island of Koutali (now Ekinlik) in the Sea of Marmara after the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922). Together with Agios Dimitrios, it is one of the villages built on Lemnos by refugees from Asia Minor. Initially, it was part of Pesperago (now Pedino). In 1947, the village became an independent community. Nea Koutali stands like an amphitheatre adjacent to the Moudros Gulf and stretches from the pine forests of Agia Triada to the stone built fishing port.</p><br>
<p>In 1928, Nea Koutali had 351 inhabitants, and a school was built. This school merged with the school in Neo Pedino in 1973. The village was built according to a modern layout and had a population of 500 people in 1938. Its residents included sailors, fishermen and sponge divers. In 1938, they produced 700 oka (900 kg) of sponges. Nea Koutali is still known in Greece and abroad for its sponge production.</p><br>
<h2>Maritime and Sponge Museum</h2><br>
<p>On July 1, 2006, the Maritime and Sponge Museum was opened. It presents the maritime life of the people from Koutali before they fled from Propontis in 1922, through old photographs and artifacts, and tools and machinery related to sponge diving and processing. Also archaeological objects that were collected by sponge divers from Nea Koutali are displayed. These include amphoras, other ceramics, ancient anchors and other small objects which date back to the ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine periods. They originated from different parts of the Aegean and the Mediterranean including Corinth, Chios, Thasos, Rhodes, Lesbos, but also from the Adriatic Sea coast, northern Spain and Egypt.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>"Portianou of Lemnos" by Costas Kontellis, 1998.</p><br>
<p>"Lemnos and its villages" by Th. Belitsos 1994.</p><br>
<p>Vasiliki Tourptsoglou-Stefanidou, Travels And Geographic Texts On Lemnos Island (15th to 20th Centuries) (Ταξιδιωτικά και γεωγραφικά κείμενα για τη νήσο Λήμνο (15ος-20ος αιώνας), Thessaloniki 1986</p><br>
<p>Lemnos Province CD Rom (Cdrom Επαρχείου Λήμνου): Lovable Lemnos</p><br>
<p>The Grove, known officially as the Call/Collins House at The Grove, is an antebellum plantation house located in Tallahassee Leon County, Florida. Territorial Governor Richard Keith Call constructed The Grove circa 1840. By 1851, Call deeded the property to his daughter, Ellen Call Long, who owned it until 1903. Long’s granddaughter, Reinette Long Hunt, acquired the property and owned it until her death in 1940. Hunt opened The Grove Hotel during this era and developed onsite cottages that served as rental properties. After a brief period under the ownership of John W. Ford and Josephine Agler, future Florida governor LeRoy Collins and his wife, Mary Call Darby Collins, a great-granddaughter of Richard Keith Call, bought The Grove.</p><br>
<p>Mary Call Darby Collins was the last of Call’s descendants to own The Grove. During LeRoy Collins’ tenure as governor, The Grove served as the unofficial executive residence while the current Florida Governor&#39;s Mansion was under construction, from 1955 to 1957. The Collins family owned The Grove until 1985, when the state of Florida acquired the property for the purpose of creating a state historic house museum. The Collins family received life leases and lived there until their deaths. Following the death of Mrs. Collins in 2009, the property formally reverted to the state. The property includes a small active family cemetery that predates the current Grove residence and serves as the final resting place for several generations of the Call and Collins families.</p><br>
<h2>Family</h2><br>
<h3>Richard Keith Call</h3><br>
<p>The 10-acre parcel on which The Grove is situated was once part of a much larger tract purchased by Richard Keith Call in 1825. Call came to Tallahassee after his single term as territorial delegate to the United States House of Representatives. He was a member of future president Andrew Jackson’s inner circle and used his connections to secure a position with the federal land office in Tallahassee. The first residence on the property, described as “a plain building of several rooms on one floor, with outside chimneys and porches,” was built around the time Call acquired the property in 1825. According to oral tradition, Mary Kirkman Call, Richard Keith Call’s wife, was responsible for the naming of The Grove. In an early letter written by Mrs. Call to Jackson’s wife, Rachel, the letter is datelined from “Hickory Grove.”</p><br>
<p>In 1836, President Andrew Jackson appointed Richard Keith Call as Territorial Governor of Florida. The overriding concern of the territory at this time was the Second Seminole War, in which Call played a central role. As Brigadier General of the Florida Militia prior to his governorship, Call led the state militia into the ill-fated Battle of Withlacoochee, which took place on December 31, 1835. Upon his return to Tallahassee, Call sought to regroup his forces and was prepared to set sail with them for Tampa Bay when the death of his wife forced him to remain behind and attend to family matters, including handling the arrangements for his newborn daughter, Mary Call Brevard. It was during this time that he received his appointment to the governorship, and immediately immersed himself into the administration of the territory. The Grove likely served as an important planning center during the war, as Call, who advocated for a more aggressive military strategy, often sent the Florida militia off to conduct their own campaigns. The Grove also served as the headquarters for a contingent of the US 6th Infantry during the war.</p><br>
<p>The exact date of The Grove’s construction is not known. The earliest known reference to the home’s construction comes from Thomas Hagner, who wrote in November 1838: “I was at Governor Call’s yesterday, he has not returned. Col. Green of the infantry makes his house headquarters, and Mr. Walker, a fine gentleman of the bar – a relative of the governor, also lives there. The house is about ½ mile from Tallahassee. The Governor is building a very fine brick house there just in front of his present residence, which they say will be the finest house in the Territory.” The Grove was finished by the end of 1839. The “Col. Green” referenced in this letter was likely Lt. Col. John Green, an officer in the 6th US Infantry who later died in 1840, and was originally buried in the Call Family Cemetery before being reinterred at St. Augustine National Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Built during the Second Seminole War, security concerns were a major aspect of The Grove’s construction. The thick exterior and interior walls and the columns are all made from brick, likely manufactured onsite, giving the building a fortress-like appearance. Having access to clean water was also important during this time, and at least one cistern, recently restored, was built for this purpose. The construction of The Grove also coincided with the completion of the Tallahassee Railroad, first to St. Marks in 1837 then to Port Leon in 1839. Elements of the building were most certainly imported at this time, including the wood flooring, marble fireplaces, and sandstone window sills. These items likely arrived to Tallahassee through the newly completed railroad from either St. Marks or Port Leon.</p><br>
<p>The Grove was built by enslaved craftsmen of African descent, many of whom were likely hired from other slave owners and had perhaps also worked to build Call’s railroad. The level of their craftsmanship can be seen in the building itself, which still stands after over 175 years. While Call owned a number of slaves at this time and later became a cotton planter, there is little evidence to suggest The Grove itself ever served as a major agricultural plantation. Call was primarily involved with land speculation, his legal practice, the railroad, and politics. During the financial fallout from the Port Leon disaster in the early 1840s, of which Richard Keith Call was a major investor, The Grove was among the assets listed as collateral in settlements reached with his various creditors. The Port Leon debacle, coupled with the Tallahassee fire of 1843 (which started in a building co-owned by Call and destroyed his law office), and the failure of the Union Bank led to significant financial difficulties and a series of lawsuits against Call that lasted into the 1850s. In the ensuing settlements, Call lost some of his land holdings, but was able to keep The Grove, the Tallahassee Railroad Company, and the Orchard Pond Plantation near Lake Jackson.</p><br>
<p>In 1845, after a failed run for governor of Florida, Call retired from active politics. Afterwards, he devoted himself more to the life of a gentleman planter and took up residence at Orchard Pond plantation. By the late 1840s, his daughter, Ellen, married a promising lawyer and future state legislator, Medicus A. Long, and started a family of her own. Call eventually deeded her The Grove along with seven slaves in 1851. He spent the rest of his life at Orchard Pond, but was a frequent visitor of The Grove. In one of the notable events of The Grove’s history, Call, who was an ardent Southern Unionist, came to Tallahassee to protest the state’s secession convention taking place at the Capitol in January 1861. He decided at the last minute not to go, however, and stayed instead at The Grove. It was here that a group of secessionists decided to accost him after they voted to secede. Call stood out on the front porch, and raising his cane above his head, told them “You have opened the gates of hell, from which shall flow the curses of the damned which shall sink you to perdition.” He returned to The Grove permanently as his health deteriorated, and died in 1862.</p><br>
<h3>Ellen Call Long</h3><br>
<p>After Ellen Call Long acquired the property, The Grove remained an important social gathering place for the political and economic elite of Tallahassee. In addition to a thriving legal practice, her husband, Medicus A. Long, became prominent in state politics and served in the state legislature as a senator. Like her father, Ellen was an ardent Unionist, a fact which strained relations between her and her husband, who was an outspoken secessionist. Her husband eventually left for Texas in the late 1850s, and they spent the rest of their lives separated although they never divorced. They had eight children, of whom only two lived to adulthood.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, although she opposed secession, Ellen enlisted in the cause of the Confederacy. Her son, Richard Call Long, Sr., served in the 2nd Florida Cavalry and she opened The Grove to Confederate officers and to wounded veterans. She was one of the members of the Ladies Soldier’s Friend Sewing Society, a group of prominent society women in Tallahassee who volunteered their services to provide Confederate soldiers with clothing articles during the war. Ellen opened The Grove for a number of social events during the Civil War, including the Tallahassee May Day festivities held on the grounds on May 1, 1865, less than a week after the city received the news of General Robert E. Lee’s surrender. The Second Florida cavalry band provided music for the event, which was likely the last performance of the group as the Union army, under General Edward McCook, arrived in the city on May 10, 1865.</p><br>
<p>After the war, Ellen Call Long took more to traveling and promoting Florida’s interests at home and abroad. As a way of supporting herself and her family, she started silkworm cultivation on The Grove property, at first using the first floor of the main house before building a separate cottage for this purpose. She was a leading member of the Women’s Silk Culture Association and published a well-received treatise on silk cultivation and emerged as a leading expert on the subject in the state of Florida. During the 1885 gubernatorial inauguration of Edward A. Perry, a large American flag made from silk grown at The Grove was presented. As the growth of mulberry trees were crucial for silk manufacturing, Ellen also became involved in forestry. She was one of the first people in Florida to advocate for controlled burning as a form of forest management.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1800s, the cost of living and reduced income started to catch up with Ellen Call Long. She also supported her son’s and her daughter’s families. As a result, she started selling off parcels of land around The Grove. Much of the land north and west of the property was turned into a subdivision known as the Long Grove Addition. The continued hardships faced by Ellen resulted in foreclosure proceedings being brought against her in 1903, and in desperation she turned to her grandson-in-law, Charles E. Hunt. Under disputed circumstances, she signed over The Grove and Orchard Pond to him. Her attempts to sue for repossession of the properties failed, and the properties eventually went to her granddaughter, Reinette Long Hunt, the wife of Charles Hunt. Ellen died in 1905 and is buried in the family cemetery.</p><br>
<h3>LeRoy and Mary Call Darby Collins</h3><br>
<p>When LeRoy Collins and his wife, Mary Call Darby Collins, acquired the property in 1941, it was in a tremendous state of disrepair. Mrs. Collins was a great granddaughter of Richard Keith Call, and her family connections to The Grove played a pivotal role in the Fords deciding to sell them the property for less than market value. At this time, Collins was a promising young lawyer and politician who was a member of the Florida State Legislature. Their restoration work came to a halt in the early 1940s, as Collins stepped down from his legislative seat to enlist in the Navy during World War II, rising to the rank of Lt. J.G. Although the Collins family left during that time, The Grove was far from abandoned. Evidence from the war years suggests that servicemen drawn into Tallahassee by Dale Mabry Field congregated at The Grove. In subsequent renovations of the historic cistern, the dog tags of a Lt. Joseph Azat, a pilot who died during World War II, were recovered and later returned to his family.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, Collins resumed his Tallahassee law practice and his service in the legislature. He emerged as a leading state senator at this time. The Collins family made a number of alterations to their home in the late 1940s. They added a sunroom onto the back of the house, which became known as the Florida Room. They also removed a number of Grove Hotel era features, such as bathrooms added to the first floor parlor. As the brick surface of Monroe Street was being replaced with asphalt, the Collins family acquired a large number of the thick pavers and created brick patios along the outside of the house. They also added closets upstairs and poured a cement slab in the basement.</p><br>
<p>In 1954, Collins decided to run for governor. Following the death of Governor Daniel McCarty in 1953, the governorship passed to Senate President Charley Johns on an interim basis. Johns decided to run for election as governor as well, but Collins managed to defeat him in the ensuing Democratic Party primary. Shortly after he assumed office in 1955, the state decided to construct the new Governor’s Mansion on the site of the previous one. It was at this time that The Grove functioned as the de facto Governor’s Mansion, a role it fulfilled until the completion of the new building in 1957. Collins was the first governor to live in the new mansion. Mary Call Darby Collins was actively involved in selecting the furnishings of the new mansion. James Cogar, who worked at Colonial Williamsburg, worked with Mrs. Collins on the mansion furnishing plan and after they finished, she hired Cogar to help open The Grove as a public museum. When the Collins family took possession of The Grove in the early 1940s, most of its original furnishings were gone, sold by either Ellen Call Long or Reinette Long Hunt to help make ends meet. It was largely through the efforts of Cogar that the Collins family acquired most of the period pieces used to furnish the house.</p><br>
<p>Collins established himself as one of the most popular governors in Florida’s history, a fact vindicated by his reelection in 1956, making him the first sitting governor ever to win a gubernatorial election in the state. He was named chairman of both the Southern Governors’ Conference and the National Governors’ Conference. During his governorship, Collins became embroiled in the debate over integration sparked by the US Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education. Like many southern states, the Florida State Legislature moved to issue a resolution of interposition in opposition to the court’s ruling. Collins resolutely decried this stance, which he considered tantamount to treason, and took a firm stand against the legislature. Collins’ role as a southern moderate attracted the attention of national Democratic Party leaders. He was selected as Honorary Chairman of the 1960 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles and later took positions in the Lyndon B. Johnson administration as Under Secretary of Commerce and head of the newly created Community Relations Service (CRS). As director of the CRS, Collins served as the intermediary between the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the State of Alabama, and the United States government during the tense Civil Rights marches in Selma, Alabama, in 1965. Photographs showing his involvement with Selma circulated back in Florida shortly afterwards and effectively killed his political career after he tried unsuccessfully to run for Senate in 1968.</p><br>
<p>After LeRoy Collins’ political career ended, the Collins family came back to The Grove, where LeRoy resumed private law practice. There remained a question as to what should be done about the residence. Governor and Mrs. Collins were averse to selling the property outside of the family and as early as the 1970s, the state expressed interest in purchasing the house.</p><br>
<h2>Grove Hotel</h2><br>
<p>Reinette Long Hunt owned The Grove from 1903 until her death in 1940. She and her husband, Charles Hunt, were divorced in 1911. Like her grandmother before her, Reinette faced the difficulties of maintaining The Grove as a single woman in an era when men dominated the business, political, and the legal systems of society. Reinette presided over a salon-like atmosphere at The Grove. She opened her home as an artist studio, from which she sold artwork and taught art classes. She was also the last member of the family to own Orchard Pond plantation, which she rented out to Tennent Ronalds, a wealthy Scotsman who owned the adjacent Live Oak Plantation. Ronalds used the plantation for quail hunting. By 1916, Ronalds bought Orchard Pond from Reinette, ending over 70 years of direct association between members of the Call family and the property. Reinette developed friendships with many of the elite northerners who moved to Tallahassee at this time, including Frances C. Griscom, a champion amateur golfer. This friendship inspired Reinette to open The Grove to the newly formed Tallahassee Country Club. The Grove served as its first clubhouse and the adjacent grounds included a few golf holes. In the late 1910s, Reinette Long Hunt entered into a partnership with John Aldridge to form the Leon Storage and Seed Company, a short-lived company.</p><br>
<p>By the 1920s, Reinette started The Grove Hotel. She marketed The Grove as “The Home of the Tallahassee Girl” after the Maurice Thompson novel of the same name, of which Eleanora Long Hollinger, the daughter of Ellen Call Long, was widely believed to be the inspiration for the protagonist of the story. The Grove Hotel’s location near the Governor’s Mansion made it ideal for visiting politicians and lawyers. Among the renters were Richard Ervin, a future chief justice of the Florida Supreme Court. He rented out the entire second floor during the 1920s. In 1924, the Tallahassee Centennial celebrations were held at The Grove. A grandstand was constructed and people watched as separate plays were held for white and black audiences on different days, at least one of which was written by Reinette herself. In an effort to generate additional income, Reinette also constructed three small cottages on the property and repurposed the old silkworm cottage into a residential building.</p><br>
<p>On New Year’s Day, 1934, The Grove caught fire. The fire was largely relegated to the attic and roof, but caused significant damage. Richard Call Long Jr., Reinette’s brother, died from injuries sustained while fighting the fire. Perhaps as a way of protecting the cemetery in the wake of her financial troubles, Reinette deeded it to the local Masonic Lodge, Jackson Lodge Number One, before her death. Despite her best efforts, Reinette could not stave off creditors, and was on the verge of subdividing the rest of the property surrounding The Grove when she died in 1940. The property passed to John W. Ford and Josephine Ford Agler, her distant cousins and the grandchildren of Ohio industrialist Joseph Green Butler. After a brief period under their ownership, the property passed to LeRoy Collins and his wife Mary Call Darby Collins.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership by the State of Florida</h2><br>
<p>In 1985, the State of Florida formally acquired The Grove from the Collins family for the purpose of opening a historic house museum. LeRoy Collins and Mary Call Darby Collins were given life leases on the property. LeRoy Collins died in 1991 and Mary Call Darby Collins died in 2009. After the death of Mrs. Collins, the state started a complete rehabilitation of the property. The Florida Department of State, Division of Historical Resources began the process of preparing the building for future use as a public museum. The building underwent extensive rehabilitation, which included structural stabilization, repair of historic windows, masonry, and interior finishes, the restoration of the historic cistern, mechanical upgrades, new plumbing, and the installation of life safety features. To make the building handicapped accessible, the state built a ramp leading into the 1950s addition and constructed an elevator. The restoration of the building was guided by the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System. As part of this, a non-historic carport built by the Collins family on the property was repurposed into a public bathroom and a pump was installed into the cistern to allow for it to collect rainwater from the building and provide irrigation for the lawn, minimizing the site’s impact on the city water supply. Efforts were also made to reuse as much of the original building materials as possible and items that could not be reused, such as sinks, toilets, and appliances, were donated to Habitat for Humanity.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Grove is an excellent example of antebellum Greek Revival architecture. Among the distinguishing architectural features of the house is a full-height pedimented portico supported by four Tuscan columns, a prominent dentilated cornice extending around the building along the roofline, elaborate doors on both the first and second story, and a symmetrical, balanced interior floorplan, all of which are hallmarks of the Greek Revival style. The original main entrance of the house features double wooden doors flanked by unfinished paired fluted pilasters and columns, and elaborate sidelights. The original main entryway is also topped by an elaborate elliptical fanlight and a plain entablature similar in appearance to that extending near the portico roofline. The second story entryway has a similar appearance to the first story entry except the fanlight is plainer in design and a small balconet has been placed in front. This doorway was supposed to open up into a second story balcony but according to legend, the ship carrying the materials for the balcony was lost at sea and no attempt was made to finish the project.</p><br>
<p>The building’s exterior and interior walls are entirely made of brick, including the columns. With the exception of the brick along the portico, which is covered with stucco, the rest of the exterior brick is exposed. The windows are almost all original, and are mostly 6/6 single hung sash windows. The house is topped by a low-pitched hip roof with architectural slate shingles and four symmetrically placed brick chimneys.</p><br>
<p>The interior layout of The Grove’s historic core has been described as Georgian in design, with a central hallway on the first and second floors flanked by two rooms identical in size. Perhaps the most notable feature of the interior is a spiral staircase from the first to the second floor hallway similar in styling to that of the interior staircase of The Hermitage in Nashville, Tennessee. Other prominent design elements in the interior of the building including decorative pedimented pilaster moldings around the windows and Egyptian marble fireplaces in the first floor parlor and dining room. The first floor window surrounds/casings are canted, with decorative wood paneling covering the brick walls underneath. The doorways going into the first floor rooms from the central hallway also have pedimented pilasters. The rest of the interior spaces are less ornate. There are fireplaces in all of the rooms in the house.</p><br>
<p>Little Brewster Island is a rocky outer island in the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. It is best known as the location of Boston Light, one of only five remaining Coast Guard-manned lighthouses in the United States, and an important navigation aid for traffic to and from the Port of Boston. The island is situated some 9 mi offshore of downtown Boston and has a permanent size of 3 acre, plus an intertidal zone of a further 4 acre.</p><br>
<p>Like the neighboring islands of Great Brewster, Middle Brewster and Outer Brewster, Little Brewster Island is named after William Brewster, the first preacher and teacher for the Plymouth Colony. Because it is still the site of an active Coast Guard facility, opportunities to visit the island are restricted, although guided tours of the island and lighthouse are available.</p><br>
<p>Port Levy is a long, sheltered bay and settlement on Banks Peninsula in Canterbury, New Zealand.</p><br>
<p>The current population is under 100, but in the mid-19th century it was the largest Māori settlement in Canterbury with a population of about 400 people. It is named after Solomon Levey, an Australian merchant and ship owner who sent a number of trading vessels to the Banks Peninsula area during the 1820s.</p><br>
<p>The bay was settled by the Ngai Tūāhuriri sub-tribe of Ngāi Tahu, and the chief Moki named the bay "Koukourarata" after a stream in Wellington that recalls the birth of his father, Tu Ahuriri.</p><br>
<p>It was also the home of Tautahi, the chief after whom the swampland area Ōtautahi was namednow the site of the city of Christchurch.</p><br>
<p>The first Māori Anglican church was built here; a stone memorial marks the site.</p><br>
<p>Portions of the Peter Jackson film Heavenly Creatures were shot in Port Levy. Specifically the scenes where Pauline Parker and Juliet Hulme, two 16-year-old girls from Christchurch, saw their imaginary Fourth World.</p><br>
<p>Chott Melrhir  also known as Chott Melghir or Chott Melhir is an endorheic salt lake in northeastern Algeria. It the westernmost part of a series of depressions, which extend from the Gulf of Gabès into the Sahara. They were created between Miocene and Early Pleistocene as a result of compression accompanying the formation of the Atlas Mountains. With the maximum area of about 6,700 km&sup2, Chott Melrhir is the largest lake in Algeria. It lies almost entirely below the sea level and contains the lowest point in Algeria, -40 m. Its size varies over the year and is usually larger than 130 km from east to west. The nearby cities are Biskra , El Oued and Touggourt .</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology, geology and geography</h2><br>
<p>During the rain season in winter, the lake is filled by numerous wadi (periodically drying rivers), mostly from north and north-west. The largest of them are the Djedi and Arab running from west to east down the slopes of Aurès Mountains. Others include Abiod, Beggour Mitta, Biskra, Bir Az Atrous, Cheria, Demmed, Dermoun, Derradj, Djedeida, Djemorah, Halail, Horchane, Ittel, Mechra, Melh, Mzi, Messad, Oum El Ksob, Soukies, Tadmit and Zeribet. In summer, the lake and most the rivers feeding it dry out, and Chott Melrhir turns into a salt pan. The annual water evaporation varies between 9.6 and 20 km, and evaporation from soil nearby the lake can reach 14 km.</p><br>
<p>Chott Melrhir is separated from the nearby Chott Meorouane, which lies south-west, by a stripe of permanently dry land which can be as narrow as 4 kilometers in some places. The bottom of the lake is mostly composed of gypsum and mud and is covered in salt in summer. The lake emits a garlic-like odor. Although the dry soil in and around the lake appears arable, it is nearly barren due to the high concentration of salt. For the same reason, the soil absorbs much condensation overnight that keeps it partly humid during much of the day.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate in the Chott Melrhir is hot and arid with high evaporation and low precipitation. The average lowest and highest temperatures are 11.4 and 34.2 °C, respectively, and the minimum temperature is about 0 °C. Annual precipitation is below 160 mm. The winds have a speed between 2.7 and 5.3 m/s and are mostly directed south-east between June and September and north-west between autumn and early spring. Sandstorms are more frequent in winter and late summer and last 39 days per year on average.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The shallow waters of the lake contain scarce vegetation composed of 72 species of plants which have adapted to salty water, such as Parish&#39;s glasswort (Arthrocnemum subterminale), sea lavender (Limonium), rushes (Juncus), glasswort (Salicornia), Sarcocornia, bulrush (Scirpus) and seepweeds (Suaeda). Some species are unique for Algeria and 14 are endemic, such as Fagonia microphylla, Oudneya africana, Zygophyllum cornutum, Limoniastrum feii and Ammosperma cinerea. They grown up to 30 cm in height and host relatively rich avifauna, mostly ducks, sandgrouse, houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata) and greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus). Lake waters are saturated with salt with concentrations reaching 0.4 kg/L and sustain only few animal species, such as brine shrimp. Wild boars, golden jackals, hares and foxes were observed around the lake. In June 2003, Chott Melrhir was included to the List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance.</p><br>
<p>Apollonioi  is a former municipality on the island of Lefkada, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lefkada, of which it is a municipal unit. It is located in the southwestern part of the island. Its population was 2,768 at the 2011 census. The seat of the municipality was in Vasiliki . Its area is 124.709 km², comprising about 41 percent of Lefkada Island. Its largest towns are Ágios Pétros , Vasilikí, Sývros , and Marantochóri . The area features beautiful beaches on the western side of the island, the most famous are in Porto Katsiki and in Ekremnoi. The Porto Katsiki Beach has been voted the second best beach in the world.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Apollonioi is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Agios Ilias</p><br>
<p>Agios Petros (Agios Petros, Ponti Agiou Petrou)</p><br>
<p>Athani (Athani, Agios Nikolaos Niras)</p><br>
<p>Chortata</p><br>
<p>Dragano (Dragano, Panochori)</p><br>
<p>Evgiros (Evgiros, Syvota)</p><br>
<p>Komili</p><br>
<p>Kontaraina</p><br>
<p>Marantochori</p><br>
<p>Nikolis (Nikolis, Manasi)</p><br>
<p>Syvros</p><br>
<p>Vasiliki</p><br>
<p>Vournikas</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Ellomenos  is a former municipality on the island of Lefkada, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lefkada, of which it is a municipal unit. It is located in the southeastern part of the island, and has a land area of 56.017 km². Its population was 3,570 at the 2011 census. The seat of the municipality was in the town of Nydri . Its next largest towns are Vlychó , Perigiáli , and Kallithéa .</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Ellomenos is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Charadiatika (Charadiatika, Alatro, Steno)</p><br>
<p>Fterno</p><br>
<p>Katochori (Katochori, Desimi)</p><br>
<p>Neochori (Neochori, Kallithea, Agios Christoforos, islet Madouri)</p><br>
<p>Nydri (Nydri, Rachi)</p><br>
<p>Platystoma (Platystoma, Perigiali)</p><br>
<p>Poros (Poros, Mikros Gialos)</p><br>
<p>Vafkeri</p><br>
<p>Vlycho (Vlycho, Geni)</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Karya  is a former municipality on the island of Lefkada, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lefkada, of which it is a municipal unit. It lies in the central part of Lefkada. It has a land area of 30.867 km² and a population of 871 . A large part of the population live in the former municipal seat, the town of Karyá .</p><br>
<p>The village Karya is located on the slopes of Pyrgos at 500 m above sea level. The highest point in the municipal unit is the mountain Stavrota, elevation 1,158 m. There are four villages in the municipal unit: Karyá, Pigadisánoi (pop. 157), Egklouví (106), and Ammókampos (19).</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Karya is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Egklouvi (Egklouvi, Ammokampos)</p><br>
<p>Karya</p><br>
<p>Pigadisanoi</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Apostolos Kaklamanis (1936-) politician</p><br>
<p>Sfakiotes  is a former municipality on the island of Lefkada, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lefkada, of which it is a municipal unit. It is landlocked and located in the northern part of the island, just south of Lefkada. It has a land area of 30.494 km² and a population 1,377 . The seat of the municipality was in the town of Lazarata . Other larger villages are Pinakochóri , Kávallos , Exántheia , and Spanochóri . The municipal name owes its origin to its first inhabitants who came from Sfakia and Chora Sfakion in the island of Crete. The municipal unit also features the Melissa gorge, one of the most beautiful points of interests on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Sfakiotes is subdivided into the following communities:</p><br>
<p>Asprogerakata</p><br>
<p>Drymonas</p><br>
<p>Exanthia</p><br>
<p>Kavallos</p><br>
<p>Lazarata</p><br>
<p>Pinakochori</p><br>
<p>Spanochori</p><br>
<h2>Twinnings</h2><br>
<p>The town is twinned with:</p><br>
<p>Leverano, Italy,</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>East Hall  is an historic one-story redbrick building located at 307 Southeast 26th Terrace in Ocala, Florida, United States. Designed by architect Frank Parzaile, it was built in 1936 by the Public Works Administration. On July 28, 1995, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Florida Industrial School for Girls was a reclamation school for delinquent females in Ocala, Florida. The state legislature first established the school in 1915, and was opened in 1917. The industrial school originally accepted girls from nine to seventeen years of age, but later accepted only those ages twelve to seventeen. No pregnant females were allowed. They were trained in home economics as well as traditional school curricula. In 1995, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Marion County Historical Museum</h2><br>
<p>East Hall is home to the Marion County Historical Museum, which features antiques and artifacts of local history.</p><br>
<p>Afetes  is a village and a former municipality in Magnesia, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality South Pelion, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 80.744 km. Population 1,746 . The seat of the municipality was in Neochori. Afetes is situated in the Pelion peninsula, 2 km from the Pagasetic Gulf coast, 4 km southwest of Neochori, 6 km northwest of Argalasti and 23 km southeast of Volos.</p><br>
<p>The name Afetes was taken from the ancient port Aphetae. The Persian fleet occupied the bay of Aphetae before the Battle of Artemisium, in 480 BC.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Afetes is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Afetes (Afetes, Profitis Ilias)</p><br>
<p>Kalamaki</p><br>
<p>Lampinou</p><br>
<p>Neochori (Neochori, Agios Dimitrios, Afyssos, Zervochia, Megali Vrysi, Plaka)</p><br>
<p>Syki</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Karla  is a former municipality in Magnesia, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Rigas Feraios, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 223.591 km. The population of the municipal unit is 4,747 according to the census . It is an agricultural area producing cereals, cotton and vegetables . The capital of the municipality was Stefanovikeio. The first name of Lake Karla was Voivis. This shows that it was dedicated to the sun and the goddess of Light Phoebe who was Leto&#39;s mother. Leto was the mother of Apollo who also had the name Phoebus which means the sun.</p><br>
<p>In the Middle Ages the name changed to Karla after the Lake Karla. The draining of the lake begun in 1956 and was completed in 1962. The lake was just outside Kanalia, where according to Greek mythology, Apollo fell in love with Coronis. Asclepius, the first famous Greek doctor, was the outcome of this relationship.</p><br>
<p>The old town of Karla which led its name to the lake, was in fact where the modern village of Kanalia is today. Today Lake Karla is in the process of being reconstructed and in a few years, the area is expected to be developed, as an area of interest for tourists.</p><br>
<p>The village of Kanalia is located 26 kilometres from Volos and at a height of 80 metres above the sea level. It is one of the prettiest on the north-west side of Pelion. It is built on the foundation of the Acropolis Voivis in the plains of Metochi. On the hill above the village one can see the remains of the walls of ancient Voivis as well as the ruins of three forts that protected the road. Kanalia, Kapourna and Kerasia make up the first municipality of Voivis in Volos. The church of Saint Nicolas (11th century), can be found in the area. Visitors to the area enjoy the plethora of almond trees when they are in blossom, they can even attend the celebration of the blossoming almond trees. Rizomylos is considered to be a village that has suffered a lot as many of the inhabitants were killed during the World War II and the German occupation. Carnival celebrations take place in the villages of Rizomylos and Stefanovikeio.</p><br>
<p>Ano and Kato kerasia are well known for their stone arched backed bridges as well as their customs.</p><br>
<p>Mouresi  is a village and a former municipality in Magnesia, Thessaly, Greece. It is situated in the northeastern part of the Pelion peninsula. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Zagora-Mouresi, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 54.214 km. The seat of the municipality was in Tsagkarada. In 2011 the population of the village Mouresi was 485, that of the community Mouresi was 548, and of the municipal unit 2,475.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Mouresi is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Agios Dimitrios Piliou (Agios Dimitrios, Agios Ioannis)</p><br>
<p>Anilio (Anilio, Plaka)</p><br>
<p>Kissos</p><br>
<p>Mouresi (Mouresi, Agios Ioannis, Damouchari)</p><br>
<p>Tsagkarada (Tsagkarada, Mylopotamos)</p><br>
<p>Xorychti (Xorychti, Kato Xorychti)</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Mouresi covers the northeastern part of the Pelion peninsula, and is situated on the eastern side of the Pelion mountains, on the Aegean Sea coast. The area is mountainous and densely forested. The largest village is Tsagkarada (population 525 in 2011). The village Mouresi lies at 310 m elevation, 1.5 km northwest of Tsagkarada, 2 km southeast of Agios Dimitrios and 7 km southeast of Zagora.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Pteleos  is a village and a former municipality in the southern part of Magnesia, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality of Almyros, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 118.230 km, and a population of 2,485 in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The area has been populated already since the prehistoric times; the name Pteleos is mentioned in Homer&#39;s Iliad, and several tombs from the Mycenean period survive between Pteleos and Agioi Theodoroi.</p><br>
<p>The current settlement lies to the north and land-inward of the ancient and medieval settlements in the area. An ancient settlement, which survived until early Byzantine times, was located on the southern coast of the Bay of Pteleos, near the modern village of Achilleion, where a mosaic floor and remains of two early Christian basilicas have been found. The medieval settlement was located on the northern part of the Bay, near the modern village of Pigadi, and is attested for the first time in 1192, when "wine from Pteleos" (οἶνος Πτελεατικός) is mentioned as being traded in Constantinople.</p><br>
<p>After the Fourth Crusade (1204), the area passed under the control of the Frankish Kingdom of Thessalonica, but in 1218 it was recovered by the Despotate of Epirus. Epirote rule continued until it was occupied by the Empire of Nicaea (and after 1261 by the restored Byzantine Empire) following the Battle of Pelagonia, but it probably was more often under the control or influence of the autonomous Greek rulers of Neopatras. When the Catalans occupied Neopatras in 1319, in 1322 the castrum Phtelei was taken over by the Republic of Venice, with the agreement of the Byzantines and the inhabitants. The Republic installed a rector (governor) and a castellan, and administered the fortress as part of its colony of Negroponte. In 1350 it was plundered by the Catalans and their Albanian allies, but remained in Venetian hands as an isolated outpost on the mainland until 1470, when it was surrendered to the Ottoman Empire following the loss of Negroponte. Its inhabitants were deported to repopulate Constantinople. Parts of the ruined medieval fortress survive to this day, southwest of Pigadi: a square donjon, a cistern, foundations of houses and a town wall, and the so-called Alatopyrgos ("salt tower"), a watchtower on the coast.</p><br>
<p>Anavra  is a village and a former community in Magnesia, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it has been part of the municipality Almyros, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 121.859 km. According to the census of 2011, the population of Anavra was 584 citizens. The village of Anavra is located on the west side of Mount Othrys, at a height of 900 m above sea level, 72 km from Magnesia&#39;s administrative center of Volos and close to the border of Phthiotis. The Enipeas river, which is a tributary of the Pineios, starts at the springs of Anavra and passes through the village for two kilometres.</p><br>
<p>According to mythology, Anavra is connected with livestock activities. Almost all the inhabitants are employed in farming and herding.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>In the 1970s mules were the only form of transport available in Anavra, and the nearest school, in Lamia, was a 6 hour ride away. Since the 1990s the village has been transformed by mayor Dimitris Tsoukalas, who successfully sought EU development funding.</p><br>
<p>Today, Anavra has among the highest GDP per capita of any settlement in Greece The village has an average household income of €70,000.</p><br>
<p>Anavra has been recognized as a model of sustainable development. The town produces its own electricity by 20 wind-powered generators. Surplus electrical power is sold. A hydroelectric plant is scheduled for construction, and a biomass facility is being planned which will supply heat and hot water from animal manure and woodchips. The plan calls for all homes and buildings in the town to be connected to this heat/hot water network.</p><br>
<p>Plans are being proposed for the creation of a winter ski centre on the slopes of Mount Othrys and its highest peak, Gerakovouni (1726 m), west of the village.</p><br>
<h2>Sites of Interest</h2><br>
<p>Saint Dimitrios church</p><br>
<p>The Folkore Museum of Farming Life.</p><br>
<p>The waterfalls of Enipeas</p><br>
<p>Othry mountain and its rich flora</p><br>
<h2>General information</h2><br>
<p>Community office, Tel: 22320 91382</p><br>
<p>Communal Library, Tel: 22320 91210</p><br>
<p>Folklore Museum of Farming Life, Tel: 22320 91210</p><br>
<p>Red Pike is a fell in the High Stile range in the western English Lake District, which separates Ennerdale from the valley of Buttermere and Crummock Water. It is 2,476 ft high. The direct ascent of Red Pike from Buttermere is very popular and the ridge walk from Red Pike to Haystacks is regarded as one of the finest in the area, with excellent views of the Scafells, Great Gable and Pillar.</p><br>
<p>The fell can be confused with Red Pike (Wasdale), which is only three miles away but cannot be seen from the summit. Alfred Wainwright in his guidebook The Western Fells comments that the Wasdale Red Pike might be higher but is less suited to the name. Red Pike in Buttermere is given its rich red colouring by the presence of syenite in the rock and subsoil of the fell. This is particularly marked in places where surface erosion has occurred (notably the stony track by the side of Scale Force and the path from Bleaberry Tarn to the summit) and the red colouring of the paths can be seen from some distance.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. The highest section of the northern branch is formed by the trio of Buttermere fells, High Crag, High Stile and Red Pike.</p><br>
<p>The Buttermere Fells, also known as Buttermere Edge, form the watershed between Buttermere and Upper Ennerdale. The Ennerdale flanks are steep and rough with areas of crag, the lower slopes being planted with a ribbon of conifers. Across the narrow ridge-top to the north are deep corries and dark walls of crag, glowering down over the lake. The ridge continues south east to Haystacks and the Great Gable group. Beyond Red Pike to the west are Starling Dodd, Great Borne and the Loweswater Fells.</p><br>
<p>All three Buttermere Fells throw out a short spur towards the lake with deep combs hollowed out between them. Between Red Pike and High Stile is Bleaberry Comb, backed by Chapel Crags. Nestled deep within is Bleaberry Tarn, a pool which is in continual shadow from November to March. Despite the steep contours of the rock walls above, the tarn is only about 15 ft deep, and is well stocked with trout. Bleaberry Tarn is drained into Buttermere by Sourmilk Gill, reaching the lake mere yards from its outlet. A belt of trees has been planted along the shoreline. Of the three Buttermere Fells, only Red Pike&#39;s north east ridge ends in a prominent top with sufficient relative height to be listed as a Nuttall in its own right. This is Dodd, and the ridge connecting it to Red Pike is the Saddle.</p><br>
<p>The ongoing Ennerdale watershed continues westwards from Red Pike, losings its rocky character to become a broad grassy ridge. Little Dodd (1,935 ft) is crossed first, before the grassy dome of Starling Dodd is reached. Red Pike also throws out a northern ridge on this flank, descending via Lincomb edge toward Crummock Water, the final drop being over Blea Crag. Between Lingcomb Edge and Dodd is Ling Comb, the third corrie on the Buttermere flank of these fells, standing opposite the village. Behind Lingcomb Edge, separating Red Pike from Starling Dodd, is the valley of Scale Beck. This includes Scale Force, Lakeland&#39;s longest single drop waterfall at around 100 ft. The Ennerdale slopes are steep, cut by the valley of Gillflinter Beck. There are small areas of crag.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Red Pike is formed predominantly by the granophyric granite of the Ennerdale intrusion.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The prominent curve of the summit stands out at the head of The Saddle, appearing quite magnificent from Crummock when High Stile is hidden. Top is shear on three sides, but well grassed and bears a large cairn. Red Pike is unusual for the number of lakes in view- Derwentwater, Buttermere, Crummock Water, Ennerdale Water and Loweswater are all on display. Other highlights include Pillar Rock, Grasmoor and the close-up view of Chapel Crags.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Keramidi  is a village and a former community in Magnesia, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Rigas Feraios, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 111.532 km. Population 423 . Keramidi combines mountain and sea. It is situated at 300 meters above sea level and at about 5 kilometers from the north Aegean Sea. It is believed that there was a citadel and supply community at the sea level, dating back to the ancient Greece, which may have been called Kastanea, at the time of Homer. He mentions Kastanea as the locale where the Persian fleet was run ashore by a storm.</p><br>
<p>There exist the remains of a massive-stone, fortified castle, and a legend that the treasures carried by the fleet were brought ashore and buried.</p><br>
<p>The location of the Kastanea Castle is at top of a cliff by the sea, whereas Keramidi was built higher-up at the side of a mountain that is not readily visible from the sea. There, as early as the 17th century, the community of Keramidi grew isolated from the influence of the Turks during the 400-year occupation of Greece by the Ottoman Empire.</p><br>
<p>Until the early 1950s, there was only access to Keramidi by mules and horses, and by always by the sea. Kamari, meaning the pride, has been the port/beach for Keramidi. Kamari is now one of the least polluted shores and a summer/vacation hamlet. There is an asphalt-top road that connects Keramidi with Kamari. Also, there is the port and hamlet of Agrilia, where fisherman moor their boats now instead of the beach of Kamari.</p><br>
<p>Trikeri  is a town and a former community in Magnesia, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality South Pelion, of which it is a municipal unit. It lies at the westernmost point of the hook-like Pelion Peninsula on the Pagasetic Gulf. It also includes the offshore islands of Paleo Trikeri  and Alatás . The municipal unit has a total population of 1,353 inhabitants  and a land area of 26.817 km². Its largest settlements are the towns of Tríkeri  and Agía Kyriakí , both on the mainland.</p><br>
<p>From 1947 the island of Trikeri was used as a concentration camp for female antifascist political prisoners during the Greek Civil War. The women and children were relatives of members of the EAM-ELAS, the resistance forces which had fought against fascist occupation during World War II.</p><br>
<p>In September 1949 political activists from other camps were sent to Trikeri, increasing the number of people held there to 4,700.</p><br>
<p>Lake Solina  is an artificial lake in the Bieszczady Mountains region, more precisely in Lesko County of the Subcarpathian Voivodship of Poland. Its coordinates are {{coord|49|22|27|N|22|27|8|E|type:waterbody_region:PL}}.</p><br>
<p>The lake was created in 1968 by the construction of the Solina Dam on the San River. It has an area of 22 km&sup2; and contains 472,000,000 m&sup3; of water, making it Poland&#39;s largest artificial lake.</p><br>
<p>It is the best known tourist attraction of the region, with waterside villages like Solina, Myczkowce and Polańczyk catering to watersports enthusiasts. The lake&#39;s great depth, water clarity, and mountainous scenery makes it a very popular destination for boaters. Because of these qualities the lake has been nicknamed the "Bieszczady Sea".</p><br>
<p>Starting in the 1970s the Wojewódzkie Przedsiębiorstwo Turystyczne (State Tourism Enterprise) "Bieszczady" purchased a number of vessels for the lake and established the lake&#39;s White Fleet. The fleet&#39;s main ships offer cruises on the lake.</p><br>
<p>Red Pike is a fell in the English Lake District. It is 826 m or 2,709 ft high and lies due north of Wast Water. It is often climbed as part of the Mosedale Horseshoe, a walk which also includes Pillar.</p><br>
<p>The fell can be confused with Red Pike (Buttermere), not least because its namesake is only three miles away, so according to Alfred Wainwright it is conventional to call it Wasdale Red Pike.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Red Pike is an outlier of the southern arm.</p><br>
<p>The main watershed runs broadly westwards from Great Gable, dividing the headwaters of Ennerdale and Wasdale. Travelling in this direction the principal hills are Kirk Fell, Pillar, Scoat Fell, Haycock and Caw Fell. Scoat Fell throws out a long southern ridge terminating in Yewbarrow and Red Pike stands part way along.</p><br>
<p>The Red Pike ridge occupies a broad area of high country between Nether Beck in the west and Mosedale in the east. The Mosedale face is steeper with considerable areas of Crag, whilst the western slopes descend slowly over a couple of miles. The ridge begins at an unnamed col to the southeast of Scoat Fell. This narrow depression is squeezed between Black Comb, the birthplace of Mosedale Beck, and Scoat Tarn, the primary feeder of Nether Beck. From the depression it is only a short climb to the summit of Red Pike, the majority of the ridge lying beyond on the long south easterly descent to Dore Head. At this col the watershed turns south west, rising to the twin summits of Yewbarrow. Dore Head is the source of Over Beck, the stream separating Yewbarrow from the long western flanks of Red Pike.</p><br>
<p>Red Pike presents an almost continuous wall of crags above Mosedale, particularly above Black Comb. Bull and Black Crags meanwhile guard the southern section. To the west a long shoulder of land falls gradually between Nether Beck and Over Beck, narrowing as they converge toward the shore of Wastwater. In the middle of the plateau is Low Tarn, a large shallow waterbody lying in a flat basin. It drains via Brimfull Beck into Over Beck. This whole area is unfrequented with few paths amongst the grassy hillocks and low crags.</p><br>
<p>Red Pike has a subsidiary southern top with a height of 2,627 ft.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The fell is mainly composed of the plagioclase-phyric andesite lavas of the Birker Fell Formation. There are also sills of lapilli-tuff and intrusions of rhyolite.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The main summit bears a cairn perched on the brink of the Mosedale Crags. To the west is a gentle slope, carpeted with short turf. The southern top also bears a large cairn and, a hundred yards beyond, is The Chair. This is an armchair shaped windshelter built onto a rock outcrop, a few yards off the path. It provides a fine vantage point for views southward, and is so prominent on the climb from Dore Head that it once gave its name to the fell. Scoat Fell and Pillar obstruct the view northward. The Scafells are well seen, as are the Wasdale Screes.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>From Overbeck Bridge on the Wastwater road a way can be found up to Low Tarn, gaining the summit via the long western slopes. Alternatively Over Beck can be followed to its source at Dore Head, before making up the south ridge. Dore Head can also be reached from Mosedale if starting from Wasdale Head, although a long climb up scree is involved. It is possible instead to ascend Black Comb on easier slopes and then return to the summit. Red Pike is often the start of the Mosedale Horseshoe, a ridgewalk also visiting Scoat Fell and Pillar. Depending upon the strength of the walker Yewbarrow and Kirk Fell may also be added.</p><br>
<p>Hopegill Head is a fell in the English Lake District in Cumbria. It is located nine kilometres  west of the town of Keswick and is well seen from the B5292 road which crosses the Whinlatter Pass.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Hopegill Head is the middle fell of three fells on a ridge that starts at Braithwaite and goes west for eight kilometres to conclude at the northern end of Crummock Water. The other two fells on the ridge are Grisedale Pike and Whiteside. The fell is often referred to locally as Hobcarton Pike as it stands at the head of Hobcarton Gill. However, the Ordnance Survey have officially named the fell Hopegill Head on maps after Hope Gill, which is another valley that goes north-west from the summit. Hopegill Head reaches a height of 770 metres (2526 feet) and has two subsidiary summits, Ladyside Pike (703 metres / 2306 feet) and Sand Hill (756 metres / 2480 feet) both of which have Nuttall status.</p><br>
<p>Hopegill Head’s most striking feature is the 130-metre-high (417-foot-high) cliff of Hobcarton Crag, which drops precipitously to Hobcarton Gill on the fell&#39;s north east side. These cliffs are unsuitable for conventional rock climbing because they are made of crumbly Skiddaw Slate but they do provide good winter climbing with the best known routes being Thompson’s Chimney and Cave Route. The crags, which are owned by the National Trust, are the only location in England of Viscaria alpina, the red alpine catchfly.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The laminated mudstone and siltstone of the Kirkstile Formation predominated, with the underlyng greywacke sandstone of the Loweswater Formation outcropping to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Hopegill Head can be climbed by various routes. Many people arrive along the ridge from Grisedale Pike or Whiteside but it is also possible to ascend from the Vale of Lorton and from the Whinlatter Pass road by the north west ridge, taking in the subsidiary top of Ladyside Pike. It is also possible to arrive or leave via the Coledale Hause passing over the satellite summit of Sand Hill. This is quite often done as part of the Coledale Round, an 18 kilometre horseshoe walk which takes in the other Coledale fells of Grisedale Pike, Eel Crag, Sail, Scar Crags and Causey Pike.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of the fell is an exhilarating place, a small pointed peak poised on the edge of Hobcarton Crag giving wide ranging views. The Isle of Man is seen on clear days, as are the Scottish Border hills. To the east the Helvellyn range is well seen.</p><br>
<p>Whiteside is a fell in the north-western area of the English Lake District. It stands at the western end of the Grisedale Pike- Hopegill Head ridge overlooking Crummock Water.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The North Western Fells occupy the area between the rivers Derwent and Cocker, a broadly oval swathe of hilly country, elongated on a north-south axis. Two roads cross from east to west, dividing the fells into three convenient groups. The central sector, rising between Whinlatter Pass and Newlands Pass, includes Whiteside.</p><br>
<p>The high ground in this group of fells is formed by a series of ridges in the form of the letter H lying on one side. The northern ridge is formed by Whiteside, Hopegill Head and Grisedale Pike, while the Grasmoor to Causey Pike ridge runs parallel to the south. The bridge between the two is the pass of Coledale Hause. This stands at the head of two valleys, Coledale descending eastward and Gasgale Gill flowing west.</p><br>
<p>Whiteside forms a shallow crescent, concave to the south and fringed on that face by the great wall of Gasgale Crags. These drop 500 ft direct from the summit ridge into the valley below. The eastern end of the fell connects to Hopegill Head without any great loss of height, while the western end of the ridge descends steeply over Whiteside End to the Vale of Lorton. The subsidiary top of Whin Ben (1,355 ft) stands at the south west corner, overlooking the point where Gasgale Gill debouches into the fields of Lanthwaite.</p><br>
<p>The northern slopes are much more extensive with two long ridges being thrown out from the main mass of the fell. The shorter is Penn, while further to the east is Dodd (1,489 ft). The valley of Hopegill separates Dodd from Ladyside Pike and the northern ridge of Hopegill Head.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The southern crags expose rock of the Kirkstile Formation, comprising laminated mudstone and siltstone. To the north is the Loweswater Formation of greywacke sandstone. In the vicinity of Dodd the Hopebeck Formation is exposed, mudstone and siltstone with greywacke sandstone turbidities. There is also a minor intrusion of lamprophyre in this area.</p><br>
<p>There are two mining trials on the western slopes of Whiteside. On the northern side of Gasgale Gill there is a short level, perhaps aimed at picking up the course of the Force Crag vein from Coledale (see Force Crag mine). Beneath Whiteside End is a small working where some galena was extracted.</p><br>
<h2>Summits</h2><br>
<p>Whiteside has three summits: the "Wainwright" top stands at the Crummock Water end of the ridge and has a height of 707 metres (2,320 feet). Wainwright accepted that it was not the highest point, but chose it as the summit in his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells. This western top does have sufficient prominence to be classified as a Nuttall. Wainwright described the true summit as the "East top", this being 400 metres further along the ridge to Hopegill Head and substantially higher at 719 metres (2,359 feet). The Nuttalls describe the true summit as "Whiteside East Top" and the lower "Wainwright" summit as "Whiteside".</p><br>
<p>The third top lies further to the east, a similar distance beyond the true summit. This has a height of 703 m (2,306 ft) and is referred to in some guidebooks as Gasgill Crags.</p><br>
<p>There is a fine vista of West Cumberland, the Solway Firth and the hills of Scotland. Closer at hand the view of the fells is interrupted by Grasmoor and Crag Hill to the south and Hopegill Head to the east, although isolated groups of fells appear in the gaps. Crummock Water and Loweswater are brought into view by descending a little to the west. The ridge walk between Whiteside and Hopegill Head is ranked as one of the best in the district with Alfred Wainwright describing it as “an exhilarating high level traverse”; there are excellent views down into Gasgale Gill on the southern side.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The main route of ascent is from Lanthwaite Green at the north end of Crummock Water ascending heathery slopes over the minor top of Whin Ben before reaching the summit. Whiteside can also be climbed from the north, using either the Dodd or Penn ridges.</p><br>
